二、 内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1、根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。
「例一」Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示我们:supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为目空一切的,傲慢的。
表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。
「例二」A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语,但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系,即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义――熟练的。
2、根据比较关系猜测词义
同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。
「例如」Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为健谈的。
表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。
3、根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落种,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。
「例一」Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指独断专行的。
「例二」There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
此句为结果状语从句,根据从句的描书许多示威者,我们便可推知elbow的词意挤,挤过。
4、根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
在句子或段落种,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。
「例一」Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词,用其同义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知其词义为使。 . . 陷入危险,危及、危害。
「例二」Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
句中detrimental四个生词,但判断出harmful替代detrimental后,不难推断出其词义为不利的,有害的。
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The cost of protecting the environment, Juno space probe 保护环境付出的代价,“朱诺”木星探测器
IOC on Russian doping and hot June 奥委会就涉俄兴奋剂事件报告进展,六月高温破纪录
Crash course 速成课
Axe to grind 别有用心
Barefaced 厚颜无耻的
The university of life 生活经历
You're pulling my leg! 你在愚弄我!
It's on the cards 这件事十有八九会发生
California wildfires and cloned animals 加利福尼亚州野火,克隆动物衰老过程正常
India's sewer workers and British school standards 印度下水道工人施工安全,英国在校生学习成绩下降
It takes two to tango 一个巴掌拍不响
Phelps makes history and marine species 菲尔普斯创造历史,海洋新物种
To lie through your teeth 睁眼说瞎话
Burn a hole in your pocket 有钱不花难受
Chelsea doctor and surfing in Australia 切尔西队医与球队和解,澳大利亚冲浪
To make a monkey out of me 捉弄我
Indian state introduces 'fat tax' 印度一省拟征收“脂肪税”
A recipe for disaster 后患无穷
Cyborg beetle and the teenage brain 半机械甲虫,青少年脑部发育
Test the water 试探,摸底
Canada wildfire and NASA discovery 加拿大林火,美国国家航空航天局发现系外行星
To turn something upside down 把……翻个底朝天
Brexit and Hockney's art 英国脱欧公投后进展,大卫·霍克尼艺术展
One good turn deserves another 以德报德,礼尚往来
To fall at the first hurdle 跌倒在第一关
Glass-bottomed bridge, cancer risk for HRT and 120-year-old man 世界最长玻璃桥开放,荷尔蒙替代疗法增患癌风险,印度教120岁僧人
World's longest tunnel and a strange kind of race 世界最长铁路隧道,扛羊毛袋比赛
Going forward 从今往后
Hot potato 棘手的问题“烫手山芋”
Close, but no cigar 几近成功