第41篇
The promise of finding long-term technological solutions to the problem of world food shortages seems difficult to fulfill. Many innovations that were once heavily supported and publicized have since fallen by the wayside. The proposals themselves were technically feasible， but they proved to be economically unviable and to yield food products culturally unacceptable to their consumers.
One characteristic common to unsuccessful food innovations has been that， even with extensive government support， they often have not been technologically adapted or culturally acceptable to the people for whom they had been developed. A successful new technology， therefore， must fit the entire social cultural system in which it is to find a place. Security of crop yield， practicality of storage， and costs are much more significant than previously been realized by the advocates of new technologies.
The adoption of new food technologies depends on more than these technical and cultural considerations; economic factors and governmental policies also strongly influence the ultimate success of any innovation. Economists in the Anglo-American tradition have taken the lead in investigating the economics of technological innovation. Although they exaggerate in claiming that profitability is the key factor guiding technical changethey completely disregard the substantial effects of culturethey are correct in stressing the importance of profits. Most technological innovations in agriculture can be fully used only by large landowners and are only adopted if these profit-oriented business people believe that the innovation will increase their incomes. Thus， innovations that carry high rewards for big agribusiness groups will be adopted even if they harm segments of the population and reduce the availability of food in a country. Further， should a new technology promise to alter substantially the profits and losses associated with any production system， those with economic power will strive to maintain and improve their own positions. Therefore， although technical advances in food production and processing will perhaps be needed to ensure food availability， meeting food needs will depend much more on equalizing economic power among the various segments of the populations within the developing countries themselves.
1.The passage mentions all of the following as factors important to the success of a new food crop except the ___.
A.practicality of storage of the crop.
B.security of the crop yield.
C.quality of the crops protein.
D.cultural acceptability of the crop.
2.The author suggests that， in most emerging countries， extensive government intervention accompanying the introduction of a food innovation will ___.
A.usually be sufficient to guarantee the financial success of the innovation.
B.be necessary to ensure that the benefits of the innovation will be spread throughout the society.
C.normally occur only when the innovation favors large landowners.
D.generally cost the country more than will be earned by the innovation.
3.The first paragraph of the passage best supports which of the following statements?
A.Too much publicity can harm the chances for the success of a new food innovation.
B.Innovations that produce culturally acceptable crops will generally be successful.
C.A food-product innovation can be technically feasible and still not be economically viable.
D.It is difficult to decide whether a food-product innovation has actually been a success.
4.The author provides a sustained argument to uphold which of the following assertions?
A.Profitability is neither necessary nor sufficient for a new technology to be adopted.
B.Profitability is the key factor guiding technological change.
C.Economic factors and governmental policies strongly influence the ultimate success of any innovation.
D.Innovations carrying high rewards for big agribusiness groups harm the poor.
5.The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the ___.
A.means of assessing the extent of the world food shortage.
B.difficulties of applying technological solutions to the problem of food shortages.
C.costs of introducing a new food technology into a developing country.
D.nature of the new technological innovations in the area of food production.
答案：CBCCB
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第42篇
What most people dont realize is that wealth isnt the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million， youre not getting wealthier， youre just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate， not what you spend.
The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses， cars， vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. Its an attitude.
Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house， you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket， along with the cost of utilities and insurance， and the prices of nearby services， such as grocery stores， tend to be higher.
The rich mans attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton， billionaire founder of the Wal Mart Store， Inc.， drove a pickup truck.
Most millionaires measure success by net worth， not income. Instead of taking their money home， they plow as much as they can into their businesses， stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesnt tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption， the more the government taxes.
The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments， not consumption. All the while， of course， hes reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. Thats the attitude as well.
The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars， boats and buses， Ive found， tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.
The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early， or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary， but two things are consistent： they have a dollar figure in mind-the amount they want to save by age 50， perhaps and they work unceasingly toward that goal.
One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth not just income your goal， the luxury house youve been dreaming about wont seem so alluring. Youll have the attitude.
1.Which of the following statements is true?
A.Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.
B.Inheritance builds an important part in ones wealth.
C.High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.
D.Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.
2.By the authors opinion， those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.
A.will not be taxed by the government
B.have accumulated wealth in another sense
C.live high and have little saved
D.can show that they are among the rich
3.The rich put their money into business because_____.
A.they can get much in return to build their wealth
B.they are not interested in luxury houses and cars
C.their goal is to develop their company
D.that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government
4.The U.S. government doesnt tax what you spend money on _____.
A.cars Bhouses C.stock D.boats
5.To become wealthy， one should______.
A.seek as much income as he can
B.work hard unceasingly
C.stick to the way he lives
D.save up his earnings
答案：DCACB
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第43篇
It being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders， what are we doing with the information? Just about the last thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and then attack them with the provisions of the new Criminal Justice Bill.
If this bill becomes law， magistrates will have the power to impose residential care orders. More young people will be drawn into institutional life when all the evidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks in detention centers will simply give more young people a taste of something else they dont need; the whole regime of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents， and if you want to train someone to be anti-establishment， I cant think of a better way to do it， says the writer of this report.
The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors that are likely to make for delinquency： a low income family a large family， parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children， parents who themselves have a criminal record， and low intelligence in the child. Not surprisingly， the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were ten， half became juvenile delinquentscompared with only a fifth of the sample as a whole.
Three more factors make the prediction more accurate： being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten， having a father with at least two criminal convictions and having another member of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law.
Among those key factors， far and away the most important was having a parent with a criminal record， even if that had been acquired in the distant past， even though very few parents did other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children.
The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children： a search for things to give them credit for other than academic achievement， a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant， and a fostering of ambition and opportunity which should start early in their school careers.
1.According to the author， delinquency should be tackled ___.
A.before adolescence
B.during institutional treatment
C.during adolescence
D.when the problem becomes acute
2.The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of ___.
A.new legal measures
B.better residential care
C.brief periods of harsh punishment
D.examination of their backgrounds
3.What is the outcome result of putting young offenders into detention centers?
A.They become more violent
B.They receive useful training
C.They become used to institutions
D.They turn against society
4.Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually___.
A.spoilt children from small families.
B.bright children in a poor family.
C.dull children with many brothers and sisters.
D.children whose parents have acquired wealth dishonestly.
5.The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by ___.
A.spending more time at school
B.more encouragement at school
C.more activities outside school
D.stricter treatment from teachers
答案：ADDCB
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第44篇
Personality is to large extent inherent. A-type parents usually bring A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect， since if competition is important to the parents， it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school， which is， by its very nature， a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system， in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their type B fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences： remember that Pheidippides， the first marathon runner， dropped dead seconds after saying： Rejoice， we conquer!
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable， but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously， it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types， and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to hide possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened， more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions， especially medicine， could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.
1.In Paragraph 2， Line 2， the word institution refers to ___.
A.establishment
B.social custom
C.law
D.school
2.According to the passage， A-type individuals are in most cases ___.
A.impatient
B.considerate
C.aggressive
D.agreeable
3.The author strongly objects to the practice of examination at schools because ___.
A.the pressure is too great on the students.
B.some students are bound to fail.
C.failure rates are too high.
D.the results of examinations are doubtful.
4.The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ___.
A.candidates sensitivity
B.academic achievements
C.competitive spirit
D.surer values
5.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ___.
A.the personality of a child is well established at birth.
B.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristics.
C.the development of ones personality is due to multiple factors，
D.B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society.
答案：DCBBC
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