三、 仔细阅读为重心,五大题型需牢记
仔细阅读是三种题型中所占分值最大,最容易失分的部分。最后阶段的复习,考生要以此为重心,利用历年新六级考题总结分析,熟悉题材和文章结构,掌握出题者五种题型的出题形式和解题思路
1.主旨题
出题形式
六级阅读中,主旨题主要测试对文章或段落主题大意的把握,要求能概括出中心思想,或选定最佳标题,或总结作者写作目的。主要的出题形式the main idea/ the best title/ the writing purpose等。
解题思路
任何一篇阅读理解文章都有一个中心思想。尽管绝大多数文章是从一篇较长的文中节选,但节选部分须自成一体,具有中心。六级阅读在文章或段落开头出现主题的情况最多见,当然有时文章或段落开头是举例或下定义,那么主题也会出现在结尾或各段主题叠加。但是一定要注意,主旨题的正确答案一定具有概括性和结论性,细节性的选项肯定是错的。
例题:2008年12月真题
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
56 What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?
A) To remind people of the need of sustainable development
B) To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production
C) To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress
D) To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is
这就是一道典型的主旨题。本文从一开始就讲述可持续发展,而且本文主要谈论工业生产的可持续发展问题,因此选项里必须要出现农业和可持续的单词。所以D为正确答案。
2. 细节题
出题形式
细节题在六级阅读考试中题量较大,占到60%左右的题量,可以说是考试成败的关键。这类题的特点是题干的信息比较具体,考查文章中的重要细节。
解题思路
细节题考查信息查找能力和句子的理解能力。由于考试时间非常紧张,对于考生来说,细节题的重要做题方法就是:
先看题干,确定题干关键词
数字、专有名词、带有连字符的单词、描述性名词、核心动词等都可以作为关键词,帮助定位。
浏览文章,定位文中关键词
迅速浏览文章,圈定关键词所在位置,从而初步判定答案的基本范围。如果用题干关键词在原文找答案没有结果,可以根据题目的先后顺序来确定大概范围。
阅读区域,排除干扰选项
理解关键词所在区域,对比选项,意思一致的就是答案。
3、推论题
出题形式
推论题是阅读理解各类问题种最难的题型。因为它的答案没有直接通过一个明确的句子在文种陈述出来。需要考生以作者表面的论述为基础,利用文章提供的暗示,体会作者的言外之意。推论题提示词有suggest,imply,indicate,conclude,infer等。
注意点
由于推论题需要考生自己推导,因此对于逻辑理解的要求比较高,但这并不意味着需要进行多层次的深度推导。
大多数推论题的正确选项,是原文的同义改写,正确答案与原文之间往往不需要过于复杂的推理过程;
如果有多个选项意思正确,所用推理步骤最少的是正确答案;
选项中若出现原文中没有体现的绝对表达,该选项一般为错误选项,如must, only, never, all, always, entirely, exclusively, absolutely, solely,unique, too等;
选项中若出现原文中没有体现的最高级和比较级,该选项一般为错误选项;
推论题的选项通常比较具有概括性,所以具体事实的选项通常为干扰项。
4、语义题
出题形式
猜词题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点,不需要考生查找所考查内容。目前的考查形式有考一个单词的含义,一个词组的意思,一个句子的弦外之音或代词it,they的指代内容。
解题思路
猜词题是考生得分率较低的一类题,因为它需要考生从上下文中进行分析,抓住线索来推敲词义。常见的猜词方式有:
平行结构原理
① 注意生词前后出现的but, however, while, on the contrary等转折词,表示对立关系;前后出现的and, besides, similarly, in the same way等词,表示前后同义。
真题
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
The word liability most probably means ______.
A) misfortune
B) instability
C) disadvantage
D) burden
评析:
首先找到相关句:But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.根据句子本身不能提供更多地信息,但是句首的but表明这个句子与前面一句恰巧相反。前句意思是:法官对于外表迷人的被告比较心软,这是在说漂亮长相的好处。因此,后面一句应该谈论长相漂亮的坏处。对比选项,C为正确答案。
② 注意生词前后出现的特殊符号,如冒号,破折号等,表示解释说明
例题:2006年12月真题
In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm usthe so-called fight-or-flight response. An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive, says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons deep in the brain known as the amygdale .
The so-called fight-or-flight response refers to ________.
A) the biological process in which human beings sense of self-defense evolves
B) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential danger
C) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision
D) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information
评析:
所猜单词位于段落首句中,而且前面出现了破折号,根据破折号的语义功能,说明前面就是所猜单词的意思。从纯生物学角度来看,害怕开始于身体系统对于可能伤害我们的事物作出反应。对比选项,可以发现只有B项中提到了害怕,所以为正确答案。
指代关系原理
英语表达中为了避免重复提及前面所出现的名词,通常使用代词进行代替。因此如果在猜词区域前后出现的指示词,如such, that, it等,可以利用它们的指代内容理解含义。
真题
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on persuasive salesmanship to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
According to the passage, to move as much of these goods as possible means .
A) to sell the largest possible amount of good
B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D) to redesign these goods for large-scale production
评析:
所考查的词在文中很容易确定most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on persuasive salesmanship to move as much of these goods as possible,但要根据句子本身推论含义比较困难。因此后面句子的开头单词such就至关重要,such指代前者,表示总结,因此这样的生产和销售正好指代前句中的concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods和relied on persuasive salesmanship to move as much of these goods as possible。由此可以知道,所猜单词指的是销售,所以答案为A。
根据逻辑关系,代入排除
真题
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds half-brain sleep is just the tip of the iceberg. He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.
By just the tip of the iceberg, Siegel suggests that .
A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather
B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being sleepers
C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers
D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species
评析:
所猜单词前后没有出现任何的转折,并列,解释或指代关系,这种情况下只能依赖句子的逻辑关系,进行代入排除。单词所在句意思是:鸟类的half-brain睡眠是冰山的一角。后面的句子意思是:当我们进一步观察其他的物种,也许有更多地证据出现。由此可见,half-brain睡眠可能存在于其他的物种,和D吻合。
5、态度题
六级改革后的考试中目前还没有真正考查过此种题型。但是考生不能忽略该题的练习。从原则上来讲,态度题可以考查作者对一个中心话题的看法,也可以考查作者对某一具体细节的态度。正确解答态度题,必须做到正确理解作者真正的观点,同时还要正确地推断作者的语气、态度,弄清作者的写作目。作者的态度一般与文章主旨有很大关系,因此态度题经常可以通过文章主题来判断作者的态度。考生应该熟练掌握在态度题中经常出现的单词
表示支持、赞同的词汇:positive肯定的、积极的,% ?9 M4 b5 k5 H; ] N1 C! v. Hfavorable赞成的,. approval赞成,enthusiastic 热情的,.supportive 支持的,optimistic乐观的,appreciative欣赏的, active积极的
表示反对、否定的词汇:negative消极的、否定的, critical批判的, disapproving不赞同的, cynical愤世嫉俗的, scornful批判的, pessimistic悲观的
表示客观、中立的词汇:neutral, impartial, impersonal, objective
肯定不是答案的词汇:indifferent漠不关心的,unconcerned不关心的,depressed消沉的
总得来说,六级阅读文章的整体难度并不很大,只是考生需要在很短时间内对三种不同的阅读形式进行思维转换。考生除了掌握以上的做题方法和策略之外,在最后备考期间,应注重速度和正确率两个方面的练习,因为六级考试对于考生解题速度的要求很高,快速阅读只有十五分钟,而其它两项每篇文章只有八分钟左右,如果没有在规定时间内完成试题,可能会影响到其它部分的解答,从而影响整体的分数。因此,考生应该建立自信,按照出题原则和做题策略进行充分的练习准备,相信大家一定能取得理想的成绩。
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