Some institutions of higher learning offer only the four-year college program. A university offers graduate or post-college programs, as well. Graduate degrees in fields such as English literature, chemistry, and history are granted by graduate schools of arts and sciences. These schools may offer one- or two-year programs leading to a masters degree , and programs lasting three years or more that lead to the degree of doctor of Philosophy . A candidate for a Ph. D. must meet certain course requirements in his field, pass written and oral examinations, and present a written thesis based on original research. Some universities offer postdoctoral programs that extend study and research beyond the Ph. D.
Many universities also have what are called professional schools for study in such fields as law, medicine, engineering, architecture, social work, business, library science, and education. Professional schools differ widely in their requirements for admission and the lengths of their programs. Medical students, for example, must complete at least three years of premedical studies at an undergraduate school before they can enter the three- or four-year program at a medical school. Engineering and architecture students, on the other hand, can enter a four- or five-year professional school immediately upon completion of secondary school.
The various disciplines, or fields of study, are organized by department. These departments are staffed by faculty members ranging from full professors to
instructors. A full professor has tenure, which is permanent appointment with guaranteed employment at the institution until his retirement. Ranking below the full professors are the associate professors, who may or may not have tenure, depending on the policy of the particular college or university. Next are the assistant professors, who do not have tenure. At the bottom of this academic ladder are the instructors. They are usually young teachers who have just received their doctorates or will receive them shortly. Sometimes graduate students are employed as part-time teaching assistants while they are completing their graduate work.
Today almost 5 million men and more than 3 million women attend more than 2500 colleges and universities. Approximately 85 percent of these schools are coeducational, which means that both men and women are enrolled in the same institutions. Colleges range in size from a few hundred students to many thousands. Several universities have more than 20, 000 undergraduate and graduate students on one campus. A number of large state institutions maintain branches on several different campuses throughout the state. Classes vary from seminars, or small discussion groups, of fewer than twenty to large lecture courses for hundreds of students.
上一篇: 六级冲刺练习:阅读(115)
下一篇: 六级冲刺练习:阅读(104)
养成这7个小习惯,你会更长寿噢
日本一老人发明用大蒜做的咖啡
霉霉新专辑写信给粉丝:人们把快乐建立在我的痛苦之上
The Meaning of Spring Festival 春节的意义
国际英语资讯:Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh targeted by traffickers, exploiters: UN
想要复制“权游”辉煌!亚马逊将翻拍剧版《指环王》
外国“富二代”流行学中文 学汉语从娃娃抓起
国内英语资讯:Economic Watch: A Chinese manufacturers bittersweet bite of innovation
李克强在第12届东亚峰会上的讲话
Tiffany要开咖啡馆!蒂凡尼的早餐成真了!
最新研究表明 四分之一的英国伴侣分床睡觉
How to be charming 如何变得魅力四射
国内英语资讯:Macao to enhance disaster prevention, relief work next year: chief executive
英国游客在威尼斯被宰 天价午餐花掉近500欧
国际英语资讯:Spotlight: Turkeys expectations frustrated by U.S.-Russian deal on Syria: analysts
国际英语资讯:Five killed in shooting near school in north California
国内英语资讯:China Focus: Easier administrative approval benefits Chinese, foreign enterprises
体坛英语资讯:LeBron James congratulates Lakers new star for breaking his record of youngest triple-double
汽水还能有蛋糕味?百事可乐就这么干了
体坛英语资讯:Nadal pulls out of ATP Finals after shock defeat to Goffin
Won’t give him a pass?
Alarm over decline in flying insects 飞虫数量锐减值得警惕
The ground is shifting?
霉霉要开始Reputation巡演了!粉丝们可以买票了
11岁小女孩成顶尖科学家 她的发明造福世界
国际英语资讯:Philippines committed to building strong, resilient ASEAN: Duterte
联邦法院裁定旅行禁令可部分实施
研究发现 过去40年间全球青少年肥胖人数增加10倍
国际英语资讯:Iraqs Kurdistan says to respect federal court ruling of banning independence
研究发现 情绪会在朋友圈里传染