Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. 注:1.physiologically 生理的,mental / phycological 心理的 2.modify 修改、改变;pair with 伴随 3.it is ...that 强调介词状语结构 ●分类型文章:1.分为几类就是文章主题 2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词(通常为动词) 3.多余段落通常例证某一类 The second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. 注:1.operant 操作型的,词源 operate 2.cuddle 拥抱 3.第一种 classical conditioning:联系而去做;第二种 operant conditioning:有奖惩而去做 Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 注:1.interact 交往,相互影响 2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的 3.本段是多余段落,例证第一种 classical conditioning 4.mean a. 卑鄙的 11. The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to ____. A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning C) give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learning D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 注:主题题,第一段主题句为第二句 In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. 12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning 注:应用题
上一篇: 六级考试阅读备考之课堂笔记(34)
下一篇: 六级考试阅读备考之课堂笔记(28)
娱乐英语资讯:Around 57,000 people attend Jennifer Lopezs 1st concert in Israel
冬季如何搭配好围巾呢?
国际英语资讯:Interview: More opportunities for Colombia-China cooperation to come: Colombian president
助你走好人生路的成功贴士(下)
体坛英语资讯:Chinese starlet Wang Zongyuan dominates mens 1m springboard heat in his 1st FINA World Cha
国际英语资讯:Trump signs two-year budget deal to boost spending, lift debt ceiling
国内英语资讯:Commentary: Blaming China for US fentanyl issue totally unacceptable
国际英语资讯:U.S. detects DPRK launch of projectile: reports
体坛英语资讯:Lynx waive Chinese forward Shao Ting
独自旅行:莫愁前路无知己
国内英语资讯:Internet economy, a key contributor to Chinas new economic driver
浪费生命、蹉跎人生的50件事II
体坛英语资讯:International marathon along Yellow River to start in September in NW China city
娱乐英语资讯:ART & MORE music competition brings together Ukrainian and Chinese musicians
体坛英语资讯:Mahrez leads Algeria to AFCON final by late winner against Nigeria
让动物长出人类器官?日本人兽杂交胚胎实验获批
英发现世界最小化石 长度不到五分之一毫米
NASA发现“超级地球” 或存在生命
国际英语资讯:Finnish PM suggests EU net payers reduce contribution if rule of law not followed in EU
笑死人的小秘密Top 10:唐老鸭全名叫什么?
国内英语资讯:Senior CPC official stresses promoting spirit of veteran war hero
国内英语资讯:Root cause of fentanyl issue does not lie with China: FM spokesperson
去party穿什么? 五款完美小礼服任你选!
国内英语资讯:China urges Western nations not to intervene in Hong Kong affairs
洗衣机变身游戏机 玩家表现决定干净程度
助你走好人生路的成功贴士(上)
要保护心脏就定期去看牙医
双语小说阅读:《谁动了我的奶酪》(6)
英众多父母为孩子储存脐带血
国内英语资讯:China warns of production safety in summer