阅读理解是六级考试中的重中之重,阅读能力的提高对准确理解文章、回答问题有着直接的意义。为了更准确地理解文章,除了我们日常所说的必备条件以外,比如对单词数量的要求、对语法结构知识的要求等等,还有一个工具可以利用,即利用文章结构特点从宏观层面对作者意图作深入的理解。这主要是由于英文文体与汉语文章结构完全不同,英文文章组合多呈线性排列,段与段、段内各部分之间有机结合,有着比汉语更强的逻辑连接关系。因此,我们在很多情况下可以根据英文文章结构的这一特点,更好地洞察作者本意。以2000年1月的六级考试真题阅读部分的第3篇文章为例(为方便起见,注上段号)。
(I)Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy(冷漠) and stagnation(呆滞).Too much conflict leads to divisiveness(分裂)and hostility.Moderate levels of conflict,however,can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.
(II)Recent research by Professor Charles R.Schwenk,however,suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations.He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives.Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organiza- tions.
(III)Somewhat surprisingly,Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization.Specifically,managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision-making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.
(IV)Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture.They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision-making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations,decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms.The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.
(V)In the not-for-profit organizations,decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents.Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.
这种结构分析法可以分两步走:段与段之间的关系;段内内容构成的关系(句与句之间)。
第一步:注意段与段之间的连接关系,只需要把每一段的第一句(主题句)、第二句(解释句)连接起来就可以从形式和内容上对文章形成一个完整的框架。上面的这篇文章的第一段针对con flict提出一种传统观点,第二段为现代观点,第三、四、五段分别从三个方面对现代观点加以说明。或者,我们也可以用另外一种形式列出来:
(I)传统观点:说明过去对冲突的理解;
(II)现代观点:学者(Prof.Schwenk)从另一个方面给冲突定性,说明其复杂性的特点;
(III)(IV)(V):学者举正反两个例子(for-profit organizations,n ot-for-profit organizations),从三个方面说明由于机构性质的不同,冲突的表现形式与结果不同这个论点。
这样,这篇文章的五段就分成了两个大部分:传统观点和现代观点及举证说明。在阅读的过程中,读到第二段时,就可以暂停一下,把第一段和第二段结合起来考虑。以下的段落照此类推,非常容易形成上面的结构概念,如果有了这样的层次观,作者的意图马上一目了然。这样的段落分析对那些抽象内容的文章效果更明显,因为,内容越抽象,段落层次越清晰,或者说,内容越抽象,观点的说明越有逻辑性和条理性。
第二步:注意每段内的句子的关联。一般说来,英文段落的内容构成和文章的构成相似,它的第一句是主题句,下面从几个方面去说明、介绍、解释、举证作者前面提出的观点。也就是说,它同样是由不同的层次构成。上面文章的第一段,主题句为传统的冲突观念有着固定的含义,紧接着的内容从三个方面说明:too much conflict...,too little conflict...,moderate...。从另外一个方面来说,如果注意到这样的构成方式,也可以反过来帮助我们理解段内一些不太清楚的内容。比如第一段的第一句为主题句,概括性的话语,不太容易明白,尤其是cut an d dried的意思和平时所学的内容有相当的距离。仅凭第一句,很不容易明白作者的真实意图。根据段落的构成方式,可以从下面的内容倒推回来,因为下面三句说的是三个不同的表现形式,基本上可以知道,第一句是这三个说明的总结。即使不能精确地理解句意,至少不至于产生对第一句的误解,以误导对整个段落的内容的理解。
实际上,如果同学们在日常阅读中有意识地注意,是不难发现英文文章的结构特点的,一篇文章是由具有完整内容的、形式固定的数个段落合成,这些段落有机结合成符合逻辑的线性结构式的文章。在阅读实践中,如果我们能熟练地掌握和利用这些特点,文章的阅读水平定会产生质的飞跃。
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