Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental
B)promise
C)kill
D)avoid
E)hope
F)especially
G)aid
H)ordinary
I)approval
J)monetary
K)generally
L)improve
M)challenging
N)restore
O)excellent
答案解析:
1. L
2. I
3. F
4. J
5. G
6. M
7. C
8. H
9. N
10. B
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【人教版】2014届英语一轮复习限时训练:必修4 综合能力检测(含答案详解)
【人教版】2014届英语一轮复习限时训练:必修5 综合能力检测(含答案详解)
2014届英语一轮复习早读与晚练:选修8《Unit1 A land of diversity》
2014届英语一轮复习早读与晚练:选修7《Unit3 Under the sea》
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2014届英语一轮复习早读与晚练:选修7《Unit1 Living well》
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【人教版】2014届英语一轮复习限时训练:必修1 综合能力检测(含答案详解)
2014届英语一轮复习早读与晚练:必修4《Unit4 Body language》
2014届英语一轮复习早读与晚练:选修6《Unit5 The power of nature》
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