2015考研英语阅读纳粹统治下的巴黎

　　Paris under the Nazis

　　纳粹统治下的巴黎

　　Flying the flag

　　白旗飞舞

　　A world of collaborators, resistors, speculators andattentistes

　　如此多的合作者，抵抗者，投机者和观望者们!

　　And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris. By Alan Riding. Knopf;

　　《当秀还在继续：纳粹统治下的巴黎文化生活》由奥兰里丁诺普夫所著。

　　During the occupation, declared Jean-Paul Sartre, we had two choices: collaborate orresist. But France s iconic intellectual, speaking some three decades after Hitler s tanksrolled into Paris, was rewriting history. As Alan Riding points out, in this meticulouslyresearched history of French culture during the second world war, there was another optionattentisme, or wait and seeand the divisions between them were easily blurred. Sartrehimself was certainly never a collaborator, but his image as a rsistant was burnishedrather late in the day. Mr Riding notes that although his involvement in the intellectualresistance had been minimal, after the liberation he had suddenly appeared as thechronicler of France s calvary.

　　让保罗萨特宣称：在占领期间，我们有两个选择合作还是抵抗。但大约在希特勒的坦克驶入巴黎的30年后，法国代表性的知识分子正重写这段历史。正如奥兰里丁指出的，经过这段二战时期的法国文化史的认真研究，发现还有另外一个选择观望;或者称之为等等再看，很容易把它们混为一谈。萨特本人当然从来不是合作者，但作为一个抵制者的形象却在很晚的时候才被凸显出来。里丁提到虽然他在知识分子的抵抗运动中参与度微乎其微，但解放后他突然摇身一变，成了法国磨难史的记录者。

　　Much of this book, notably the flight to America of artists such as Marc Chagall and MarcelDuchamp, or the collaboration of the narcissistic Jean Cocteau, will be familiar to thosewho have read Frederic Spotts s 2008 book, The Shameful Peace. Mr Riding used to writeabout European culture for the New York Times and was based in Paris. Where he adds valueis in his analysis of the subtle challenges of the Nazi occupation for the various sectors ofthe arts. If escape and exile were not the chosen option, actors needed to tread theboards, singers needed the music halls, musicians needed the concert hall. How could theyavoid giving succour to the enemy, given the many Germans in the audience?

　　如果有人读过弗雷德里克斯波茨2008年的新作《可耻的和平》，就会对这本书里很多内容有似曾相识之感，不论是以马克夏加尔和马塞尔杜尚为代表的逃匿去美国的艺术家们，还是自恋的让谷克多通敌。里丁长住巴黎，过去常给美国的《纽约时报》供稿，内容是关于欧洲的文化。关于纳粹对各艺术流派的微妙挑战的分析，为这本书加分了。如果不选择逃亡和放逐，那演员还是要登台演戏，歌手需要音乐厅，音乐家也需要演奏厅。所以就算观众席上坐着的有很多德国人，他们又怎么可能避免为敌人表演呢?

　　Most chose a degree of compromise, some larger than others. Edith Piaf, who said in 1940that my real job is to sing, to sing no matter what happens, was willing to perform twicein Stalag III-D, a camp for French prisoners-of-war outside Berlinbut on her first visitcleverly encouraged the camp commander to allow photographs to be taken of her with himand the POWs. The photos were then cropped so that each POW s image could be attached tocounterfeit documents identifying him as a French worker in Germany. On Piaf s next visit tothe camp, the documents were secretly delivered. If a POW escaped, he had a protectiveGerman ID card. As Piaf put it, I was not in the Resistance, but I helped my soldiers.

　　很多人都选择了妥协，只是程度不一。伊迪斯琶雅芙在1940年曾说我真正的工作是唱歌，不管发生什么事，都要唱，所以她很乐意的在柏林外关押法国战犯的德国战俘营 Stalag III-D表演过两次，而且第一次去就很乖巧的请求营地指挥官允许她和指挥官本人及战俘们一起合影。然后，这些照片被裁减，这样每个战俘的头像就可以附在伪造文件上证明这个人是在德国工作的工人。第二次去Stalag III-D时，这些文件都已被悄悄的移交。如果有战俘逃出来，他就有一张可以保护他的德国身份证了。如琶雅芙所言我不属于抵抗运动中的一员，但是我帮助了我们的士兵们。

　　By contrast, Jean Guhenno, an essayist, refused absolutely to write for any outletapproved by the Germans. Instead, his opinions were pseudonymously confined to anunderground newspaper, Les Lettres Franeaises, and an equally clandestine publishinghouse, ditions de Minuit. Writers should not be seeking the glory of the byline, he notedin his Journal des Annes Noires, which was published just after the war. Now is the time towrite for nothing, for pleasure. Well saidbut then Guhenno did have the financial securityof a teaching job at the Lyce Henri IV.

　　与之相对，散文家让盖埃诺铁铮铮的拒绝写任何德国批准的公文，他的观点只能借假名出现在一家地下报纸《法国人信札》和同样保密的出版社《ditions de Minuit》。他在战后新出版的《Journaldes Annes Noires》中写道作家，不应该只追求发表文章的自豪感。现在，是不为任何，只为快乐写作的时候。说得非常好!但随后盖埃诺的确因在亨利四中教书而经济上得到了保障。

　　Mr Riding s book is an impressively comprehensive survey of the occupation years: therelentless persecution of France s Jews, especially the foreign-born, by the Vichy authoritiesas well as the Germans; Goebbels s expropriation of Jewish-owned art; the fascism of someFrench intellectuals, and the attraction of Stalin s communism for others. One irony is thatFrench cinema, so enriched by Jewish directors, actors and producers before the war,nonetheless flourished after their expulsion thanks to an influx of new talent. Mr Ridingparticularly praises Marcel Carn s Les Enfants du Paradis.

　　让人印象非常深刻的是，里丁的书可谓对德占期法国的一次全面调查：法国的犹太人--特别是那些在国外出生的--被维希政权和德方残酷迫害;戈培尔征收犹太人拥有的艺术品;一些法国知识分子的法西斯主义倾向，也有部分被斯大林的共产主义所吸引。一个巨大的讽刺是，战前的法国电影因有犹太导演,演员和制片人的加入而更加丰富，在他们遭到驱逐后，因新锐们蜂拥而入，电影业不受影响一如既往的繁荣着。里丁大力赞扬了马塞尔卡内尔的《天堂的孩子们》。

　　But if the French arts, from the chansons of Maurice Chevalier to the ballet of thecollaborationist, Serge Lifar, survived the Nazis, how lasting was their victory? Mr Ridingsaves his best for last, with a discomfiting portrayal of the post-Liberation purationthepurge of collaboratorsand a clear-headed judgment of Paris s subsequent culturalstatus.

　　但如果法国艺术从珍妮特麦克唐纳的《香颂》到合作主义者谢尔盖里法的芭蕾有幸逃过纳粹一劫，他们的胜利又维持了多久呢?里丁把他最好的篇章留到了最后，一是对解放后的净化即合作主义者的清算进行了令人不安的描述，还对巴黎后来的文化地位作出了明确判断。

　　Simply put, between 1918 and 1939 the French capital was also the cultural capital of theworld. Yet, by the late 1940s culturally the city was no longer a magnet for artists andwriters from around the world. Perhaps that was for the better. Mr Riding notes that Frenchintellectuals have propagated doctrinesmonarchism, Fascism, anti-Semitism, Communism,even Maoismthat offered explanations and solutions for everything. With these doctrineshaving failed to bring Utopia, politically speaking, artists and writers may now be lessprominent, but they are also less dangerous.

　　简单的说，1918到 1939年间，法国的首都同时也是全世界的文化之都。然而到20世纪40年代后期，文化上，巴黎不再是吸引全世界的艺术家和作家的磁铁石 了。也许那样会更好。里丁写道，法国的知识分子们各自鼓吹着包括君主主义，法西斯主义，反犹太主义，共产主义甚至毛泽东主义，以为这些足够为一切提供解释和解决之道。这些理论没有给他们带来乌托邦，政治上来说，艺术家和作家也许不那么重要，但也因为这样他们不那么危险。