考研冲刺阅读面面观

　　第一部分：阅读核心能力面面观

　　在教学中，同学们在阅读单项会遇到各种各样的问题，有单词不会的，有句子太长读不懂的，有篇章读完抓不住中心的，有时间来不及的，各种各样的问题出现，同学们不禁问，阅读我到底应该怎么准备?接下来就这个议题，我提出考研阅读两项最核心的备考能力，一是定位，二是同意替换。

　　我反复观察一些同学的阅读习惯，发现很多同学都是相同的阅读习惯，拿到文章后先仔细的把文章阅读一遍，然后开始做题，凭借自己对文章的理解，完成后面的题目，这样的同学，做了很多套题后仍然感觉进步非常小，原因就在于，阅读的思路不正确。

　　我们可以先来看一道题，来自考研1996年第一篇文章，里面的第三题这么写到According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.

　　A) that is the first step to please the employer

　　B) that is the requirement of the employer

　　C) it enables him to know when to sell his services

　　D) it forces him to become clearly aware of himself

　　许多同学在看了原文后选择了C选项，我们一起来看看原文。原文这么说到：In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.

　　许多同学选C选项的原因是，两者讲的几乎没有差别，只在细节上差了一个词，原文中出现的是where to sell your services，题目中用的是when to sell his services，差异只在where和when这两个词上。直接做题的同学很难注意到这上面的差异，就可能直接选择了干扰性极大的C选项，除非是瞬间记忆力及其出色的同学，否则我们确实很难单凭第一遍的记忆就看出这个细节上的差异，而这恰恰是考官最喜欢的出题思路，也就是通过改动原文中的小细节来设置干扰项迷惑考生。针对这样子的问题，同学们第一条急需改变的阅读思路便是，每道题目都要回到原文中找到出题的点，反复和选项进行比对。我们简单的用两个字概括便是，精读!也就是大家第一条需要改变的阅读思路就是，改泛读为精读，将对文章泛泛的理解改为对局部文本精细的研读和比对。因此带着问题回原文中定位是考研第一个重要的能力。事实上，我总结了我们考研阅读中遇到所有的题目，都只需要原文中的一句话就可以解题，也就是如果我们能够利用题干中的定位词找出每道题目的出题点，我们的阅读量就可以大大减少，时间可以大大节省下来，我们的阅读也变得非常有针对性。一篇考研文章后面只有五道题，对应原文中的五句话，也就是大约100字不到的文本就足以应付所有的考研阅读后面的题目。而很多同学花了大量的时间去研究原文的意思，留给题目的时间非常少，事实上是犯了本末倒置的错误。在考研阅读考试中我们便已经占据了绝对的优势!第一点定位决定了我们能否快速找到原文的出题句，但找到出题句只意味着我们成功了一半。

　　另一半来自哪里?就来自考研的第二个点，叫做同意替换。我们任何考研阅读题的答案，事实上，都是对原文的同意表达，也就是采用不同的单词，来表达同样的意思。如果我们能识别出这里面的同意替换，也就找到了解题的最关键点。由此我们发现在备考考研过程中，我们需要积累的不光是一个个单一的词汇，而是以组为单位的同意替换。一旦平时我们能多注意同意替换的积累，考试中遇到类似的同意替换，做题自然就能得心应手!

　　第二部分：阅读核心技巧面面观

　　考研中的阅读，复习和临场应变能力又是两码事情，毕竟平时是在压力较小紧迫感较低的状况下完成的，但是临场应变能力显然与此相去甚远，我告诉学生，考试只有两个字：熟练。包括我们老师去考试，如果不熟练，照样会遇到滑铁卢。首先考研阅读的时间大概是：每篇16分钟最佳，最多可延长至20分钟左右。以下我们撰写了五步法，以飴读者。拿到一篇文章，最基础的请各位划出段落序号以及各段首句。

　　第一步：阅读首段，了解文章主题(Theme)(1-2分钟)。

　　第二步：扫描题干，尽量找出题干能够提供的信息(Key Words)(1分钟)。定位词的优先考虑顺序:1、首先标出明确告诉位置的题目所在;2、专有名词优先，包括人名、地名、书名以及带引号的词等;3、数字、时间(包括某些介词短语);4、较长、较复杂的词组(名词动词词组优先);5、重要的动词、形容词或副词;6、条件词、因果词、比较词。

　　第三步：变速浏览原文，抓住中心 (7-8分钟)。注意把握三个阅读原则：原则一：首段原则(文章的第一段逐字读明白，可以反复和回读);原则二：首末句原则(其余各段的首尾句要细读，其他各句正常阅读即可);原则三： 路标 原则。所谓路标词，就是表示作者思想衔接和转折的功能词汇。如：1、中心词 2、转折词 3、态度词 4、例证词 5、列举词。

　　第四步：仔细审题，定位原文 (3-5分钟)。原则一：关键词定位原则;原则二：自然段定位原则;原则三：长难句定位原则。请注意：注意一：关键词在原文可能是原词本身，也可能是关键词的同义词;注意二：问原因的问题，一般问主要原因(major reason);注意三： 邪恶的眼睛 (in the eyes of)，注意问的是谁的观点和态度。

　　第五步：重叠选项，斟酌答案(3-5分钟)。原则：不能仅凭借印象做题，考研阅读的干扰项干扰性巨大，除了理解原文，分辨正确和错误的选项也是一种重要的基本功。一般对原文进行同义替换的是答案：同义替换的手段有：a)关键词替换 b)变换句型 c)正话反说 d)语言简化。原则一：选最佳答案而不是正确答案。原则二：不放过任何一个选项：细读每个选项，鉴于强干扰性，要求必须记住：选一个选项应有选的理由，不选一个选项也应有不选的理由。原则三：每个选项都当成生命中最重要的句子。

　　第三部分：阅读核心练习面面观

　　接下来，老师精选了一道题目，非常适合以上的讲解，请同学阅读完以上的技巧，试着领会其中的奥妙，然后练习以下的题目，看看自己是否有很快的长进?

　　If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006 s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

　　What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) non of the above.

　　Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in non of the above. Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, Ericsson recalls. He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.

　　This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person encodes the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goal, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

　　Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.

　　21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to

　　[A]stress the importance of professional training

　　[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup

　　[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance

　　[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

　　22. The word mania most probably means

　　[A]fun [B]craze [C]hysteria [D]excitement

　　23. According to Ericsson, good memory

　　[A]depends on meaningful processing of information

　　[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises

　　[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors

　　[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration

　　24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that

　　[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success

　　[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance

　　[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked

　　[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture

　　25. Which of the following proverbs is closet to the message the text tries to convey?

　　[A] Faith will move mountains [B] one reaps what one sows

　　[C] Practice makes perfect [D] Like father, like son