一、怎么考
大纲规定
7选5填空题,是2012年考研英语试卷中首次增加的一种新题型。本题型分为两个部分:主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词,其中有5段空白处空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段末,一般情况下不会是文章的第一句或最后一句,但是这个也不是绝对的。选项部分为7段文字,每段可能是一个句子,可能是两三个句子,也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回文章中相应的5段空白处。
从考试大纲和考试大纲分析,以及2012年的真题来看,考查的文章依旧是以说明文和议论文为主。由于考查的是篇章结构,因此文章脉络清晰,层次分明,格式具有代表性,各段之间联系紧密,段中有过渡句及表示不同逻辑关系的信号词等,这是考生正确答题的基础。可以预见,在将来考查7选5填空题的考查中,文章的题材依旧将会集中在经济、法律、教育、科普以及社会类说明文和议论文中。所以广大考生们在条件允许的情况下,应该尽量多阅读相关的文章,以适应这种文章的风格和结构。
命题形式
①段首:即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段首;
②段中:即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段中;
③段末:即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段末;
④段落:即5个题目全部是文章中的某个段落;
⑤混合:即5个题目既有出现在段首的、段中的,也有在段未的,还有是整个段落的。
二、怎么学
研习真题,强化大纲:认真研究2012年真题,仔细分析《考试大纲》和《考试分析》里的相关理论部分和例题,从中寻觅解答此类题型的切入点;只有在掌握了正确的解题方法的前提条件下去做大量的练习才能起到事半功倍的作用。
这种题型难度比较大,主要考查考生的逻辑能力,要求考生能够弄清楚文章的结构安排和段落关系,将选项和空白处上下文连接起来。
题型分类,专项突破:考生需要按照前面的5种题型分项强化自己的每一种题型的解题技能。
大量练习,迅速提升:Practice makes perfect! 考生需要在掌握了正确的阅读和解答方法后做大量的练习去强化自己。
三、怎么解
此类题目主要是考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体性特征的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。
解题方法
①段落主旨解题法
A.段落的主旨句一般不是事实,也不是真理,更不是个人的嗜好,而应该是本段落需要证明的论点;段落的开头句通常就是本段的主旨句;
B.如果题目出现在段落的中间,一般段落的中间句是对本段论点的论证和说明,所以应该参照本段的主旨句去从选项中选择一个阐述、说明论点的选项;
C.如果题目出现在段落的末尾,那么正确的选项一般是对整个段落的总结,并且这个总结是与本段主旨句相呼应的。当然在少数情况下,尾句也可以作为过渡句引起下文或者是排比和举例子等细节内容。
②文章结构解题法
因为阅读理解的文章全部是议论文或说明文,这就决定了这些文章本身的叙述和展开方式,弄清楚这些文章的结构自然在选择答案时就简单了许多:
A.问题解答型:此类文章,一般采用原因性结构,然后分析其成因,包括主观的、客观的、直接的、间接的等;
B.现象解释型:此类文章,一般采用释义性结构,解释某一事物、现象、科学理论等,通常用举例子,打比方等方法来进行阐述论证;
C.结论说明型:此类文章,一般采用比较性结构,把人或事物的功能、特点等进行比较从而引出一个结论;
D.新老观点型:此类文章,一般采用驳斥性结构,通常这样的文章会先阐述说明一个观点,然后对这个观点进行驳斥,再进一步分析这个观点的正负面,最后阐明自己的观点;
所以,建议广大的考生在正式做题之前知晓所考文章的类型。
③复现关系解题法
复现,是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段,即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述,从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。复现关系,主要是指同义复现、近义复现、反义复现、平行结构复现、搭配复现等。
④无关连词解题法
其实,这种方法是一种反正法。即把所有选项中的连词找出,在考生已经通读全文知道文章大意的基础上判断含有特定连词的选项是否在意思上和其所在段落相吻合,否则就予以排除。
⑤逻辑关系解题法
逻辑关系主要有:并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等:
A.并列递进关系:标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;
B.转折关系:标志词汇有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;
C.因果关系:标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等;
D.解释关系:标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等。
解题步骤
A.第一步:通读全文,尤其是首末段,迅速得知文章的主旨大意;
B.第二步:通读选项,在每个选项下边用笔标记本选项的大致中文意思,以做到心中有数,至少应该能知道可以供考生选择的选项的意思范围,并且在很短的时间里找到考生想找到的选项;
C.第三步:回到文章中的空白处,分析空白处的上下文,结合前面的解题方法得出需要的选项;
D.第四步:把自己选择的选项带入原文,检测是否文章前后连贯,检测所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。
解题技巧
A.就近原则,在文章空白处的上下文中寻找解题的线索;
B.时间原则,出现时间、年代等词语时,要注意文章中的时间和选项中的时间的对应关系;
C.代词原则,指示代词,因为是指代前面的内容,所以一般不能作为段落的开头;
D.相近原则,如果有两个选项非常的相似,那么其中一个往往是正确答案;
E.重复原则,如果一个选项中的单词与文章中的单词重复比较多或意思相近的比较多,那么这个选项往往就是正确答案;
F.排除原则:做7选5填空的时候,建议大家最好使用排除原则,由易到难地去解题。
四、大纲样题
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate.
42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming.The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses.They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44). Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.
The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex,and among these are the sea?lilies, relations of the star?fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
When an animal dies,the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
[试题分析]
本篇是一篇科普文章,介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构比较清晰,首先用一般性的介绍来引入史前类动物和记载它们形体和活动的化石,接下来的几段就逐渐按照进化的顺序来一一介绍各种动物。
具体分析一下五个空白处的内容。
41.首先来看一下空白处的上下文。上文讲的是许多生物都已经灭绝,没有后代生活在这个世界上。下文讲的是化石使我们了解了这些生物的形态。可以推断,空白处是一个衔接的句子,应该是从生物到化石介绍的过渡,再看选项中,[A][B][E]都提到了这两方面内容,但[A][E]谈的是具体的一些生物,不是这段泛泛而谈的所有生物,因此不契合。[B]是正确答案。
42.本题考查寻找特征词的能力。在该题中,根据就近原则在该题后的句子中找到the fossils和water action为特征词。the fossils说明fossils一词是至少是第二次出现,因为它前面加了定冠词the,通过仔细观察并不难发现,42以及其前面的内容中都没有fossils,这就确定fossils一词必定出现在41,42中。根据意群相一致原则,在42中必定要与water action同现或复现的语言点。综上所述,有同时满足以上两个条件的选项才是正确答案。虽然项一开始就有how fossils are preserved, 但是项讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织转化形式,没有提及水的活动。选项[F]中就多次提到水在化石形成过程中的重要作用,与上下文相符合。
43.本题选择的特征词是also。also表并列关系,这就证明在43前面的句子中应当与also后的crab?like creatures相并列,即空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容;从本段开始,文章转向讨论由低级高级变化中的动物。项开始的部分是The earliest animals whose remains have been found.,符合文章写作的顺序。项与上文相符,但与下文不符,且与全文结构不相吻合。
44.本题选择的特征词是these以及与其具有同指关系的ammonites 和They 。通过阅读44以后的两个句子不难发现,these,ammonites ,They是指同一事物,意即有shell的事物。同时44后一开始就有Of these,...,也就是说,空白部分应该有some, several, many或类似的词,答案只能是。由于文中有了The first animals,为避免句式上的重复,作者改变句子起始的模式。这种做法很多见,因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45.该题目是一道简单试题,一方面这是一道段落题,这就决定了有可能选最长的选项为答案,另一方面根据就近原则在下一段首句中发现的About 75 million years ago成为我们解题的关键。从文章的整体结构看,这里需要一个内容的高潮:前面几段,动物都在不断地进化,而下文中About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over,这里需要有一个交代。只有项符合这一条件;同时,reptile在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到,在下文中又没有作为新信息,因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词,只有项中有The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,and in the air。所以正确答案只能是。
答案:41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C
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