朱泰琪2005考研英语讲座阅读理解部分讲义

　　考研学生提高英语阅读理解能力一般要经历四个发展阶段：

　　1. 字面心译阶段，即在阅读时要通过逐词心译来理解原文。由于两种语言在句子语法结构、词语用法、语言习惯等方面存在着许多差异，这个阶段对原文的理解常会发生错误。

　　2. 分析性心译阶段，即在对原文的词语和结构进行一些分析以后，再进行心译，或心译过程伴随着词语和结构的分析。这时理解力比前一阶段有所提高，但阅读速度很慢。

　　3. 综合性心译阶段。在这个阶段由于语言水平的提高，阅读经验的积累，不经分析而直接将原文译成汉语。

　　4. 直接理解原文阶段。在这个阶段由于语言能力的提高，读者的理解已进入英语思维的模式，可以直接理解原文。

　　以上4个阶段只是大体上的划分，在实际阅读训练中，这4个阶段不是截然分割的。比如，处于第2阶段时，也不可能对每个句子都分析一遍后再来心译。第4阶段也可能伴随少量的心译，因为本族语毕竟是理解外语的媒介。

　　了解阅读能力提高的过程有利于加速阅读能力的培养。一般来说，我们的考生是处在介乎第2和第3阶段之间。对所读的材料有时要经过查阅词典，分析心译成汉语才能达到真正的理解。这作为阅读能力提高的一个阶段是不可避免的。但要努力缩短这一阶段，防止这种阅读方法成为定势。要尽可能减少心译，以提高阅读速度，达到基本上直接理解原文的阶段。

　　从逻辑和思维的角度看，阅读理解能力的提高是一个由浅入深、由片面到全面、由低层次到高层次的发展过程。较低层次的理解是字面理解。考生对所读内容只能理解字面含义。随着理解的不断深化，考生逐渐进入推断性理解层次。考生慢慢能从语篇结构的高度来审视文章内容的逻辑结构和内在联系，从而进入更深层次的理解，如从字里行间理解作者要表达的内涵。最高层次是评价性阅读理解。研究生英语入学考试中的阅读理解就属于这个层次。这时考生需能凭借自己的阅读经验和分析能力对所读文章和题目选项进行评价，如：选择项所传递的信息是否确切、事实是否可靠、结论是否正确以及信息的应用价值等。

　　考研学生应具备哪些能力才能应对阅读考试的需要呢?

　　1. 理解文章的主旨、抓住全文的中心思想和展开中心思想的逻辑层次;

　　2. 理解文章中的具体信息和细节;

　　3. 理解明确或隐含表达的概念性含义;

　　4. 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;

　　5. 根据上下文推测不熟悉词语的含义;

　　6. 理解作者的写作目的、态度、语气及文章的基调;

　　7. 以上各项能力要求必须在规定的时间内完成。

　　I. Reading Comprehension:

　　Text 1

　　Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find.

　　Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual, says education writer Diane Ravitch. Schools could be a counterbalance. Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

　　But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.

　　Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege, writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate goodness.

　　Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.

　　School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is the grips of people who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.

　　Notes：intellect 才智，智能，理解力，思维能力;知识分子。entertainers 表演家。entrepreneurs 企业家。pervasive 弥漫的，渗透的，遍布的。intellectualism 主知主义。counterbalance 平衡力，起平衡作用的因素。distaste n. 厌恶，不喜欢。vulnerable adj. 脆弱的。populist adj. 民粹的。elitism 杰出人物统治论，高人一等的优越感。complementary 补充的，互补的。civil 公民的;文明的。transcendentalist 先验论的。rigorous 严格的，严厉的。a bellyful of 满腹的。innate 天生的，先天的。contemplative 沉思的。

　　1. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?

　　A. The habit of thinking independently.

　　B. Profound knowledge of the world.

　　C. Practical ability for future career.

　　D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

　　2. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

　　A. undervaluing intellect.

　　B. favouring intellectualism.

　　C. supporting school reform

　　D. suppressing native intelligence.

　　3. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are

　　A. identical. B. similar.

　　C. complementary. D. opposite.

　　4. Emerson, according to the text, is probably

　　A. a pioneer of education reform.

　　B. an opponent of intellectualism.

　　C. a scholar in favor of intellectualism.

　　D. an advocate of regular schooling.

　　5. What does the author think of intellect?

　　A. It is second to intelligence.

　　B. It evolves from common sense.

　　C. It is to be pursued.

　　D. It underlies power.

　　正确答案：C. A. D. B. C

　　文 章 解 析

　　第一段：美国的社会和学校重视实践而不重视理性思维。intellect理性的才智全文主题信息词for the sake of为了...起见

　　第二段：Ravitch 的观点anything but根本不、绝对不、一点都不

　　对应第1题：细节理解。

　　答案为：C

　　第三段：作者及 Shorris 的观点。

　　第四段：urgen.要求、热切的期望

　　v. urge sb to do sth遵从某人做某事

　　urge+that从句，从句中用虚拟语气should+v原形

　　对应第2题：细节推理题。抓关键词history

　　history信号词 B.D.正反颠倒 C.答非所问

　　答案为：A

　　第五段：

　　对应第3题：总结归纳题。

　　答案为：D

　　对应第4题：总结归纳、推理判断。

　　答案为：B

　　对应第5题：作者观点题，即文章主旨题。

　　答案为：C

　　Text 2

　　Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This neartripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies --- to which heavy industry has shifted --- have become more energy-intensive, and could be more seriously squeezed.

　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.

　　1. The main reason for the rise of oil price was ____________.

　　A. global inflation

　　B. reduction in supply

　　C. fast growth in economy

　　D. Iraqs suspension of exports

　　2. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ____________.

　　A. price of crude rises

　　B. commodity prices rise

　　C. consumption rises

　　D. oil taxes rise

　　3. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ____________.

　　A. heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive

　　B. income loss mainly resulted from fluctuating crude oil prices

　　C. manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed

　　D. oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP

　　4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ____________.

　　A. oil-price shocks are less shocking now

　　B. inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks

　　C. energy conservation can keep down the oil prices

　　D. the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry

　　5. From the text we can see that the writer seems ____________.

　　A. optimistic B. sensitive C. gloomy D. scared

　　Word Study

　　1. squeeze vt. 挤、压、拧;塞进;挤进：1) He squeezed the last bit from the tooth-paste tube. 2) Squeeze the walnuts together to crack them. 3) He squeezed an extra shirt into the suitcase. 4) Cant you squeeze more juice out of that lemon?

　　squeeze n. 银根紧的时候：We cannot borrow money during the present credit squeeze.

　　2. swing vi. 摆动：1) His arms swing as he walks. 2) The door swung open.

　　swing n. 变动，波动：swings in the oil price 油价波动。

　　用于成语：in full swing 全面展开，达到高潮：1) Everything seemed to be in full swing there. 2) It was Saturday night; the little party was in full swing. 3) The work was in full swing when we arrived. 4) When we arrived, the meeting was already in full swing. 5) Ten weeks before the election the campaign was in full swing.

　　3.经济方面的短语：economic decline经济衰退;a swing in prices价格波动;supply-cut供应减少;double-digit inflation两位数的通货膨胀;economic consequences经济上产生的后果;retail price零售价;energy conservation能源保护;oil import bill石油进口开支;oil shock石油恐慌;energy-intensive能源密集型的;price index价格指数。

　　正确答案：B. D. D. A .A

　　文 章 解 析

　　第一段：石油价格上涨的原因。be about to将要

　　第二段：石油价格上涨的原因。

　　对应第1题：

　　答案为: B

　　第三段：good reson充分的理由

　　account for占百分之多少

　　对应第2题：

　　答案为: D

　　第四段;

　　重点OECD bill开支

　　对应第3题：

　　B.言过其实 D.重点词：significant

　　答案为: D

　　第五段：

　　对应第4题：

　　答案为: A

　　解题技巧：从文章的宏观，看每道题的微观