一、意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来。如:
We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的,即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news,故that从句为定语从句)
二、引导词的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句,但不引导定语从句。
三、引导词的功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时,它不充当句子成分,而引导定语从句时,它作为关系代词,要么充当定语从句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
四、被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限,通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外,when和where 引导定语从句时,通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词,而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定;又如why引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则不一定。如:
I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
Ill never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)
We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题,为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句 )
The reason why he didnt come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能来开会,原因是他生病了。(定语从句)
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