总原则：
01. 思维：逻辑尽量严密、不留gap
02. 语言：尽量生动、形象、具体，尽量避免使用抽象名词
具体框架：
I. 开头：3种方式
【第一种】：
1. 第一句：背景知识――, 内容上可以和题目一样的
2. 第二句：result
如果同意，那么就说执行这东西的好处;如果不同意，就反之。
要求：表述要能体现直接的方向性
目的：让读者读了以后能够琢磨出我的观点的大致方向
3. 第三句：我的观点。
这段话的关系是：
我先说一下我们要讨论的issue是什么，然后，我给你一个result，让读者产生一个具有方向性的预期，最后我的观点和读者的预期是相match的，会让读者高兴，且又阐明了自己的观点
――就是这个感觉。
Eg1：范文――
题目：
Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above?
开头：
The speaker argues that government must support the arts but at the same time impose no control over what art is produced. The implicit rationale for government intervention in the arts is that, without it, cultural decline and erosion of our social fabric will result. However, I find no empirical evidence to support this argument, which in any event is unconvincing in light of more persuasive arguments that government should play no part in either supporting or restricting the arts.
Eg2：学生练习
There is only one definition of success-to be able to spend your life in your own way.
我的开头：
By success it merely notes that you can live your life whatever as you want and you choose. This life style may help a person realize find the thing of the highest good to him/her and thus lend him/her ultimate satisfaction at all. Therefore, I vitally support this kind definition of success.
【第二种】：以故事开头。
：故事最忌讳：晦涩、难懂、中立。
讲一个story：要求――
1)三句以内写完。
2)时间、地点、人物、事件尽量说实、说全、说细，让读者感觉不像是编的。
3)句式要求：词汇和句子一定得好，否则不抓人。因为你既然能以讲故事的方式开头，说明你对自己的写作水平足够自信，如果一来全是简单句，给人真实感觉却你的写作水平太差，与读者之前的预期dismatch了!所以不好。
因此：可以是很长的复杂句、套了从句的均可。
内容上：
如果水平较低：就一来首先扣题
B)第二句开始：elaboration这个故事――越生动、形象、具体越好。
Eg：学生练习
There is only one definition of success-to be able to spend your life in your own way.
范文思路：
Bill gates是一个成功的IT精英，他用其独特的观看奥运会的方式向世人展示了其成功和与众不同。他在奥运村旁边租了一个空中四合院，然后和妻子一起，看到了开幕式上五星红旗的升起、奥运火炬的传递、跳水健儿夺冠、拳击冠军带伤上场、奥运圣火的熄灭
目的：通过这个故事让读者琢磨出这个观点的大致方向来――
所以，一定要通过一些indicator体现这个方向：比如一些有感彩的indicator
2. answer the question：同意还是不同意。
这句话的作用：match读者读了故事之后的预期，同时回答了问题――阐明了我的观点!
Eg1:
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites personal search agent. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. I struck gold, says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
【分析】：
第一句话：交代了事情的梗概
后面读完：elaboration清楚，能让我读出来观点的方向很明确。所以第一句没有用扣题的方式!
所以，是否扣题依自己的水平能力定!
Eg2：完整演示
There is only one definition of success-to be able to spend your life in your own way.
范文思路：
Bill gates是一个成功的IT精英，他用其独特的观看奥运会的方式向世人展示了其成功和与众不同。他在奥运村旁边租了一个空中四合院，然后和妻子一起，看到了开幕式上五星红旗的升起、奥运火炬的传递、跳水健儿夺冠、拳击冠军带伤上场、奥运圣火的熄灭
【注意】：说到这里，只是把故事讲完了，接下来应该回答两个问题：
1)是成功的定义;
2)是成功的唯一定义
最后两句：
也许对于其他人而言，成功的体现还有不同的considerations，比如：金钱、社会地位、etc
但是对于我而言，这些都不及按照自己的生活方式生活重要，进而他们都不足以定义成功，所以，我支持这是成功的唯一的定义方式。
Eg2：学生练习
What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the similarities among all people and places on Earth.
第三种：是第二种的一种变式
1. 疑问句或反问句
2 讲故事
03 观点
【注意】：2和3都一样，加上1，目的是：让读者感觉到你的调皮、淘气与可爱，让文章不至于那么死板，特别是对于已经比较boring的raters，这是一种从感情上拿分的方式!
Eg：请自己通过下面这段话找出issue是什么
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
Issue：石油涨价是否会导致经济衰退?
可见，这段话是方向清楚的。
Eg：学生练习――请分别用三种开头方式写一遍
A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a community or a nation than does any government official. Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above
第一种：很好
The author argues that a leader of great ability can affect the operation of a society or a country more widely and deeply. Suppose that in a society filled with this conception, the public will ignore the function and effect of government, then govs work will lose support and even be intervered , thus losing proper control of some bad things: free ride, speculation, etc, which cannot be malpulated by business org. Thus, I hold that it is equally important
第二种：
a powerful leader of corp K――the chief client of the estate company P, had less effect on the control of Ps vicious violation of ethic rules: heavy speculation than the intervene of gov. In 1990, the boom of P, P took advantage of this prime period to induce miracle amount of foreign money to the US and at the same time it charged vitally higher price of its 3rd office building near the Los Angeles airport, thus spiring the anger of public. Facing this situation, k stopped its relationship with P to punish P, but this wont have a mearable change on Ps action, while gov improved the tax on their every office building to be sold largely――ultimately, P has to put its price down to the average leve. Therefore, in my opion, gov has a more far-reaching impact on the operation of a community or a nation.
【存在的问题】：
1)第一句：没有说政府的影响多的后果是什么，就只能让读者读出一个现象，但是读不出方向。
我应该在我的文字中明确给出方向是什么。Ie：
如果我支持gov作用更重要：就说政府影响更大则有什么好处或企业影响更大有什么坏处
如果我支持企业应该作用更大：就反之。
而我目前的表述：只有政府影响更大，没有后果如何，就是事实出来了，观点没有，所以不行!
【修改后】：第一句――
Gov has larger effect on the control of the bad speculation of corp J, an estate company, than Js chief client K, an medical corp, thus preventing the flowing of work force and further decline of stock price of J.
02)中间的elaboration太长太绕：让人读的烦、容易读不懂，必须改得短且精炼一些。
第三种：
Doesnt a powerful leader can really affect a course of a nation more widely than the government?
【说明】：
以上3种属于高分的写法，但不是只局限于这3个，有自己认为好的也可以。
在进入II之前，有一点说一下：关于核心概念和概念间关系的界定――
原理：要对一个观点发表我的评论，前提是知道这个观点是什么。而界定的目的就是搞清楚题目什么的过程!
怎么处理：基于1)――
1)如果题目本身很具体了：就不需要这步，因为没有必要，加上去是画蛇添足，违背了every word tells。
比如：
A)Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above?
B)是否同意当今社会在网上找工作更好
以上两个就是很具象化的，不需要界定。
2)题目中存在一些抽象词、且关系不清楚，就需要先界定：在我看来，是什么意思。
比如：
A)What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the similarities among all people and places on Earth.
【分析】：对共性和个性应该界定一下
B)There is only one definition of success-to be able to spend your life in your own way.
【分析】：对成功界定一下。无
Q：怎么界定成功?因为这题中已经在问def了啊?
II.Justification：根据分观点的关系有如下分类
第一种： 并列性列举：大多数人这么写
如果要这么写的要求是：越往后的分观点：越不能虚，要往实了写――
因为方向一样的情况下，选择的分观点多了，就可能越往后面越没话，进而就偏虚，这样的坏处是：可能导致前后分观点存在包含关系，但是我开头的1st，2nd表达的含义是它们是并列的，这样就产生了logical conflict!不好。
Eg：是否同意出国好?
1st ：出国学到一些国际化的知识
2nd： 出国可以积累人脉
3rd： 出国可以长见识――错!
或：把出国可以长见识放在开始也不可以!因为一来就虚了，后面的学知识积累社会经验等等都可以视为包含于它的，就错了!
第二种: 递进式：层层展开――注意一个合理order：比如刚才那个不能说反了
Eg：Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.
c)x6K Q^O-x0To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above?
破题：
1)同意：两句话都同意。这两句话的关系是第一句是第二句的前提。
2)不同意：可以weaken第一句或第二句，任意，但是usually是weaken第二句，因为第一句elaborate起来相对难一些，但是想得出来也可以。
【看范文】：
总观点：不同意。
First, subsidizing the arts is neither a proper nor necessary job for government.――这句话：weaken了前提clearly那句。
Second, government cannot possibly play an evenhanded role as arts patron.
――这句话：承认前提，weaken第二句。
所以，这么看下来，整个逻辑是：
首先，政府就不应该支持。
其次，即使政府应该支持，这个支持也应该是有限制性的。
【注意】：请注意这里的logical order――
如果两个分观点颠倒了顺序就不可以：因为下面那个的内容已经承认要支持艺术了，如果放到第一个，后面再来个不同意支持艺术，前后矛盾!
第三种：正反对比
1. 逻辑原理：排除他因无忧托福网tSnk.`/R N
1)正面：有/没有了这东西为什么好
02)反面：如果没有这东西，为什么不好或好。
02. 措辞：
01)正面：没有问题
2)反面：不可以直接说如果没有这东西，这样就与分观点1的用词重复了，所以此时比较preferable的方式是，列举一个正面取非的现象的子集。
Eg：出国好不好?
分观点1：出国如何好
分观点2：在国内考研 如何不好。
3. 结构：大 小 大 小
para1：出国的好处
2：furthermore，出国还怎么好
para3：国内考研的坏处
para4：Besides，国内考研还不好
Q：是否可以在para4变为国内工作?
【注意】：分段的Elaboration 需要indicator：specially，furthermore――递进conj
段内的elaboration的indicator：in other words
注意区别!
学生的作业：
Para2：
Undoubtedly, gov should take responsibility to subside art within limitation, because this can both promote the development of art of proper value and manipulate some side effect in the arts boom, such as illegal speculation, at the same time.
Q：第一句如果是先承认前提就不要within limitation，此时怎么处理?
Furthermore, this support will call up public right attitude to the art
On the other hand, if gov provide whatever as the art industry wants, this will evoke the greed of this industry, thus breaking the social order. In other words，
Besides, unlimited financial aid, such as appropriate and spiritual help, such as , will weaken the investment on other public construction, such as office building, health care, etc.
Q：是否这段太细所以把on the other hand的话说完了呢?
III.结尾：
1.展望未来：如果把握不好度容易无病呻吟，所以建议用第二种
2.欲擒故纵：
逻辑原理是：虽然我不同意这观点，但我承认在某些方面还是对的，列出什么好处。但是，就我看来，坏处overweight好处。
As given above, I disagree that gov should provide limited support to art. But admittedly, it can also makes a different that gov meet whatever desire of the art industry in a short term: rescuing them from a financial crisis suddenly, recovering publics confidence to the society and the market, etc. But all these above cannot amount to a greater thing than the side effects as I presented to me.
【comments from老鹰】：
1. 思维：可以
2. 词汇和句子：很不好，太抽象。
IBT独立作文的要求：
词汇：不要太晦涩、too stiff
内容：越logical越好
接下来怎么复习IBT独立作文：
1. 把所有真题：按这种思路用中文想一遍。
2. 同时大量读：儿童文学。可以用language use的topics
3. 积累专业领域的实词名词：想的时候凡是涉及 egs的，把所有的相关词都查出来。
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