1. 学习方法,态度:
The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segment s or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole.
a) 这两种学习方法在学习种都是很重要的。细分可以是我们能有insight,精深的理解。总体上把握可以使我们看清没部分之间的联系,使理解更为全面。
b) 在学习一项新知识,新技能时候,更重要的是先把握整体,再研究细节。先把握整体可以让我们清楚那一部分细节是最重要的
c) 如果直接从细微处钻研,容易打击人的积极性,当对整体没有正确认识时候深入研究是十分辛苦的。没有对于整体的把握,不能很好的研究细节,比如数学,研究积分需要知道微分。容易过多重视细节而忽视各部分之间的联系与整体的效果
The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.
The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.
We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.
Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.
Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.
Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.
a) 在质疑的过程中,可以加深对知识的认识,在解决问题的过程中,学习能力、查资料的能力、思考能力不断提高。如一项政策,在了解其目的后,学生可能质疑其会带来的负效应。在查找资料,询问老师后,可以了解到这些负效应能够以怎样的方式被解决。若不质疑,则可能停留在原地。
b) 质疑促进了创新。人类的认识是有限的,不可能完全正确没有任何漏洞。质疑提出了问题,引起了创新。当魏格纳Wegener发觉世界地图不同大陆的海岸线有相似之处,他质疑了当时流行的地址理论,经过研究才提出了自己的板块漂流说。哥白尼Copernicus质疑地心说,才研究出了日心说
c) 如果学生只是被动接受而不质疑,学习效率也不高。被动接受不能在学生大脑里留下深刻的印象,容易遗忘,因为没有经过自己的思考。例如,压抑学生的积极性,引起学生反感,不愿意学。
d) 过度的质疑影响了学习已有理论与知识。主要的目的是学习知识,时间是有限的,不能都用来质疑。另一方面,由于自己知识水平低而存在的疑问随着深入的学习会消除。比如刚学会加法的学生就质疑加法的正确性,怎么继续学习,不如等具备了全面的知识以后在质疑,或许那时更能有所发现。
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