1. 本阅读法由北京美加研究生留学直通车 GRE教师 万炜和 黄妍 共同整理;
2. 我们通过讲解5篇GRE/GMAT文章，来告诉大家应该如何科学阅读GRE/GMAT的文章
3. 我们想告诉大家，那种基于文章分类的阅读方法是无效且不科学的;
4. 我们提倡Active Reading，需要在阅读中不断思考，这5篇文章就会告诉你该如何去思考;
第一篇：
Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays.
第二句话和第一句话的关系是?
第二句话对于第一句话的解释说明。
划线部分的 The ways of people指代的是什么?
Human relations
第一句话告诉我们，我们早就应该去研究human relation，在很多的文献中，都被记录过了。
Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great.
Although提示我们这里会出现什么?
让步，转折在逗号之后。
本句话的主干?
Although the significance may not be evident, the complexity is great.
提醒：这里互相形成转折的词语对应有哪些?是human relationship 和complexity of feelings and actions的对比，还是full significance和at a glance之间的对比呢?带着这个问题继续往下读。
Full significance和后面的哪些词语对应?
At a glance
虽然全部的重要性还没有完全明白，但是明显的东西还是挺多的。
Complexity of feelings and actions是全新的概念嘛?
不是，和human relations是对应。
For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. Intuitive knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive.
Psychology是全新的概念嘛?
是的，前面没有一个词可以和psychology直接是同义改写。
PS：注意这里不要自己主观的就把human relation和psychology直接当同义改写。
这两者肯定是有关系，但是是什么关系需要我们继续往下看。
划线部分的 Intuitive knowledge指代的是?
上文的能够被at a glance的那些人们的情感和行为。
Whereas提示我们会出现?
对比
划线部分的such commonsense knowledge指代的是?
Intuitive knowledge
看完这句话我们应当明白的是。心理学在所有的学科中比较特殊。明显的知识对于我们研究人们行为有用，但是在科学中就不太有用
我们期待下文的应该会出现什么?
心理学和其他科学的比较吧。是否会出现，继续往下看
If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem word, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers.
这句话和上文的关系是顺承嘛?
一眼看去，好像是继续了上文的physical science。继续往下读。
读完这句话，发现说的意思是?
如果是我们没有一些物理学知识，什么都干不了。
和上文有关系嘛?
也许难以看出直接关系。因为上文说的是：一眼就能看出来的，明显的一些知识在physical science里是不太有用的。
这里说的怎么又变成没有知识，就什么都干不了了呢?
不明白就带着疑问继续往下看。
On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before.
On the other hand提示我们这句话和上句话的关系是?
并列
读完这句话，明白这句话的意思是?
但是如果我们把所有的psychology的知识拿掉，对于我们是没有影响的。
好，读完这三句话，我们把这三句话放在一起看一下。
第一个：显而易见的知识可以帮助我们研究人们的行为，但是对于physical science就relatively primitive
第二个：如果把scientific physics都拿掉，人们就啥都干不成。
第三个：如果把scientific psychology都拿掉，没啥影响。
同学们看到上面三组句子，是否明白了这三句话之间的关系了?
请回答以下几个问题：
1. 在第三个句子中，如果把scientific psychology拿掉，为什么对我们没有影响?
因为我们还有intuitive knowledge
2. 那在第二个句子中，如果把scientific psychology拿掉，为什么什么都干不成?
因为scientific physics很重要，intuitive knowledge没啥作用
3. 所以请找出第二个句子和第一个句子的逻辑关系是?
Physical sciences中的显而易见的知识relatively primitive，所以只有显而易见的知识是什么都干不了的。
好，三句话中的对应关系都有哪些?
Intuitive knowledge在scientific psychology中是很有用的;而intuitive knowledge在scientific physics中是primitive
We would still know how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still know when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the whys of much of the selfs behavior and feelings.
这个句群和上面句群的关系是?
解释说明。告诉我们为什么把scientific psychology拿掉，对我们不会有什么影响。我们仍然是什么都知道。
所以这些我们都知道的叫什么?
intuitive knowledge
In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways.
In other word 提示我们这句话和上句话的关系是?
同义改写，两句话的意思应该是完全一致的。
所以我们与生俱来就具有什么样的能力?
Understanding of the self and of other people
并且不需要什么?
Scientific psychology
Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.
出现人名，一定会出现什么?
此人的观点或者是动作。
K的观点是什么?
为什么我们对于psychology的研究没有physics多呢?因为人们在发现scientific psychology之前就早就已经认识到了这方面的知识了。
以下开始第二段
Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop.
哪里体现出了Paradoxically?
结合上文， people were acquainted with before the founding of scientific psychology和the science of human relations has been one of the last develop.
人们很早就认识到了scientific psychology，但是却最后才开始研究这门科学之间的paradox
Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested.
很明显这句话出现我们就应该去期待什么?
下文出现了多少种解释，是否出现了这些解释之间的关系?
One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, fromEcclesiastes to Freud.
第一种解释。
大意是什么?
之所以没有研究scientific psychology是因为不想去破坏人们对于自己的美好的幻觉。
But这里转折了吗?那些方面转折了?
转折了。Pessimistic, debunk和vain, pleasing
人们一方面对自己有很空很美好的幻想，但是一方面又喜欢读悲观的，打破幻想的文章。
所以是很矛盾的，用了but 转折
It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious?
第二个解释出现了?
为什么没有去研究scientific psychology呢?因为我们本能的就已经知道很多了，所以没有动力去研究它了。为什么要对明显的现象发展出一个理论呢?
In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physic in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.
Vast literary documentation对应哪里?
第一段的，innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays
meager scientific treatment对应哪里?
全篇文章讨论的，scientific psychology的研究少之又少
the field of human relation 和the field of physic的关系是?
Contrast
那么科学应该是?
Treatment很多，但是documentation很少
第二篇：
Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae in lakes.
看到第一句话，要有意识的是many theories下文是否有给展开，出现了几个theories，这些theories之间是顺承还是转折关系?
这些theories解释的问题是zooplankton和planktonic algae 之间的关系。
读到这里可能有些同学会不清楚什么是zooplankton，什么是phytoplankton。上课一再强调的是名词本身的含义没有名词之间的关系重要。所以第一句话可以看出的是这些名词之间分别的关系是什么?
Grazer=zooplankton，planktonic algae=phytoplankton
Zooplankton控制phytoplankton，phytoplankton被zooplankton控制
The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.
看到了first theories很开心，开始对第一句话里面的many theories进行展开了。
Such grazer是指代，指代的是什么?
Zooplankton
Correlation和上文的controlling对应，说的是两者之间的关系，所以找对应，zooplankton没有变，algal对应什么?
Planktonic algae，也就是phytoplankton
Merely体现作者的态度是怎么样的?
是偏负态度，这些theories只关注algal和zooplankton之间的negative的关系。
Observation体现出后面的关系是客观存在的现象，所以theories建立在observation之上，在客观的现象之上建立主观的理论。理论是可驳的，要提醒自己注意下文是否对这些theories进行了反驳?
提醒：这里的negative correlation很多同学认为是负关系的意思。虽然名词的翻译不是那么的重要，但是在这里我们需要往后继续读，找出negative correlations指代的是什么?
A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
这句话和上句话的关系是?
解释说明negative correlation
The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.
此句的主干是什么?
Converse observation led Hardy to propose his principle
Converse observation的现象是什么?
Grazers少，而phytoplankton多。
和上一句形成了对比，phytoplankton=algae
这里的converse observation跟上文的observation的关系是?
不是相反，而是和前文的observation一致的，因为都是在说algae多，grazers就少，grazers多了，algae就多了，所以和前文的现象应该是一致的。所以两种现象支持了Hardy这个人得出了一个结论。都属于negative correlation
Hardy的理论是什么?
Animal exclusion
谁被exclude了?导致这个结果的原因是什么?
Grazers被exclude了。因为phytoplankton制造出了repellent。
这个句子中的客观事实是?主观结论是?
事实是：grazers很少，algae很多
结论是：因为algae制造出了repellent，致使grazer被exclude了
This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.
总结algal和grazer之间的关系。是algae defend了grazer，总结是由algae的数量减少了grazer的数量
所以总结一下第一段是对grazer和algae之间的关系的一个观点：negative correlation。具体表现有两种：grazer多，algae就少;algae多，grazer就少。
以下开始第二段
Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net , a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
本句的主干是?
The fact led to de-emphasis of the role of grazers.
The fact的内容是导致de-emphasis of the role of grazers的原因，所以又是一个因果关系的句子。
这个句子里面的哪个词会闪到你的眼?
Only，绝对性的词在文章中出现了必须要给予关注。
这个句子体现出作者对于these first studies的态度是?
偏负态度，因为de-emphasis
除了主干的de-emphasis，还有哪个词可以体现负态度的?
Overlooked
Only algae of a size和什么对应?
Overlooked the smaller phytoplankton
Grazers的作用在这里被忽视了
这句话的作用是：解释说明为什么我们只看到了algae和grazer之间的negative correlation
Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.
出现指代人物的名词，就要注意这些人的观点是什么!
Lund, Round和Reynolds的观点和Hardy观点的关系是?
Increasingly在递进，所以是顺承。
一致，因为这些researchers都在强调environmental factors
这里需要做笔记，出现了多少个细节?
Temperature，light，and water movements
这些细节的作用是?
Controlling algal numbers
所以证实了这些人的观点和Hardy的观点一致的是?
非grazers和algal number产生了关系
These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.
这里的these environmental factors指代上文的?
Temperature，light，and water movements
这句话的作用是在?
肯定上文中的结论
Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics .
Grazing对应上文的?
Grazer
这句话的作用是?
让步
为什么能读出来让步?
上文说的是非grazer的原因，在这重新开始讨论grazer的作用，所以这句话的前半句等同于although grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers
but闪到眼了，为什么?
让步之后必有转折
这里转折的不是完全的反驳，而是在程度上的转折，承认grazing有作用但是作用有限。和上文的什么形成对应?
De-emphasize of the role of the grazers.
Algal population dynamic对应文章之前的什么?
Algae的数量
我们总结以下第二段的主体，认为grazer对于phytoplankton数量的减少之间是没有很大的关系的。
在这里我们回顾一下，第一段中被提醒的negative correlations的意思，其实是什么?
就是grazer和algae之间没有太大的关系，而非是很多同学认为的是一个负面的关系
以下开始第三段
The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.
Magnitude对应上句的什么?
Some effect，minor component
Grazing pressure是新名词嘛?
不是，等同于grazer effect
Only recently暗示我们之前怎么样?
之前没有被研究过，讨论过，所以有时间对比。
所以这句话意味着从这里开始，和上文的关系是?
讨论重心转移了，上文一直强调我们忽视了grazer的作用，认为grazer的作用有限，并且关注了非grazer的作用，这里开始描述grazers的作用了
Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
看到人名，要明白Hargrave和Geen的观点或动作，即做了什么事儿?
预计了grazing rates
grazing rate和上句的什么对应?
Magnitude of grazing pressure
natural community grazing rate如何被estimate?
通过measuring feeding rates以及computing community grazing rates
The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.
High estimates of grazing pressure是在说明grazers的作用怎么样?
作用大
这种high estimates were not fully accepteduntil意味着什么?
Until的作用是?
High estimate被accept的条件
条件是什么?
Rates were determined in the field
所以这个句子的逻辑关系是?
只有grazing rates在试验中起到决定性作用，对于grazing pressure的高预测才能被接受。
Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.
Feeding chamber是对应上一句的什么?
New techinique
又出现了一个人名Haney，出现人名要注意他的态度或动作。
Zooplankton grazing rates对应上文的什么?
开始出现了对于grazer作用的研究。
In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
客观数据，客观的现象的作用是?
解释说明或反驳主观的观点或理论。
Zooplankton，即grazers，和grazing rate之间是什么关系?
Zooplankton等同于grazing rate
它对于algal population dynamic的影响是什么?
首先要找到的是phytoplankton production对应的是什么?
对应上文的algal population dynamic
所以zooplankton多的时候，grazing rates在不同的湖，分别是6.6%和114%。
说明zooplankton的作用有大有小，环境不同，作用不同。
Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.
These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.
Cladocerans和copepods的比较，目的是什么?
物种不同，rate的大小不同。
并且grazing rates会随季节变化，冬天和初春最低，这里的lowest和前文的什么对应?
Peak abundance，所以冬天和初春，和晚春夏天形成对比
Haneys thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population.
最后一句话对应本文第一句，也是在转折之后对于后半部分进行了总结，告诉我们grazers还是对于phytoplankton的数量有重要影响的。
第三篇：
Thomas Hardys impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony.
TH作为一个作家的impulses的特点是什么?
Numerous and divergent
Did not always work together
很多同学在这里喜欢把impulses翻译出来，比如说翻译成冲动，刺激之类的。
完全没有必要，因为名词在GRE阅读中是最不重要的词汇，尤其这类抽象名词，明确它的作用和特点即可，下文只需要找出对应。不需要明白具体含义。
Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy.
那些词跟上文的impulses有关系?
Characters psychologies, curiosity, sympathy
Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it.
虽然but在句中，但仍然要找到but的转折关系，哪里转折了?
Occasionally和often
Comedy, farce和tragedy
这句话要读出的关系是Hardy更喜欢的是?
Tragedy
He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase.
Also告诉我们这句话和上句话的关系是?
并列
划线部分指代的是?
Literary realism
He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally ; and he wanted to record precisely the material universe.
这里两个分号引导的并列结构，有可能出细节题，要注意定位
这里的wanted后面跟的内容是否是全新的概念?
不是
如果不是，和前文的什么有关系?
Hardys impulses
Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.
划线部分和非划线部分的关系是?
非划线部分解释说明了划线部分。
Hardy想去做到的是?
To transcend and to express
划线部分的realist可以用那些词进行解释?
Not transcend banality of solely recording things exactly and not express his awareness
总结第一段的大致内容：
Hardy这个人在写作方面的许多想法很多，且有时会不和谐。他比较喜欢非喜剧的东西。他想展现的并非只是呆板的记录的现实主义者，而是比现实主义者更多的展现自己的意识。
以下开始第二段
In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often.
仍然没有出现新的概念，承接上文的impulses
上文对于impulses的特点的描述是?
Numerous and divergent, not always work together
Sacrificed和上文的哪些词对应?
Not always work together
Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared.
两个句子的关系是?
因果关系
为什么?
有标志词because和thus。前一句是因，后一句是果。
出现了两个人名F和J的作用是?
与Hardy进行比较
那么F和J的特点是?
Took path of resistance
在Hardy的作品中，impulse会出现什么样的情况?
一个impulse会被新的impulse所取缔。因此最终的情况不是所有的impulse会互相融合而是只会有最新的impulse，之前的impulse都没有了
A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.
本句话中的desire是全新的概念嘛?
不是，和前文的impulse是同一个概念。
这句话的主干是什么?
That a desire might give way abruptly to the desire was never to throw over reality a light.
划线部分的that的作用是?
引导主语从句
划线部分的what的作用是?
引导了一个宾语从句，做of的宾语。
所以这个句子的作用是?
描述了a desire的特点，即impulse的特点
一个desire应该是不会突然让位给另一个的---比如说一个novelist-scientist需要准确具体的记录一个花的结构和纹理。
这个句子即使翻译了之后，还是觉得很抽象，不妨我们来找一下对应。
Hardys impulses的特点是?
新的取代之前的。不能互相融合
而这里我们认为的是什么?
一个desire如果能够被取代，那么那就不能反应事实。
和前文的内容逻辑一致。
In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style.
划线部分的指代是?
The desire on the part of what we might consider novelist-scientist
But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly.
But闪到眼了，要注意的是?
出现转折了。
转折了什么?
前面说，还好新的impulse还不至于导致relaxed style;但是有时Hardy还是会引起relaxing impulse的。
When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the stylethat sure index of an authors literary worthwas certain to become verbose.
划线部分的词语和可以用上文的什么词来代替?
Relaxed
所以如果relaxing impulse很多，那么结构就会relaxed
Hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
Hardys weakness指代的是什么?
他的relaxing impulse导致的relaxed style
Hardys weakness的原因是?
Inability to control and unwillingness to cultivate
无法掌控divergent impulses以及不愿意去坚持那些energetic and risky的impulses
He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels.
这句话和上文的关系是?
是上句话的结果。
因为他的无能和不愿意，致使了他的作品都unevenness
这里的unevenness和上文的什么有关系?
Divergent impulses
His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulsesa desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of lovebut the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.
最后一句话是否有转折?
没有，仍然是在说他的小说结构是divergent
举例子的目的是?
支持说明前文的观点： unevenness of any one of his novel
第四篇：
Modern archaeological finds can still contribute much to the study of ancient literature.
Archaeology和literature之间的关系是什么?
Archaeological finds有助于ancient literature
Still这个词在这里的作用是?
告诉我们考古学的作用之前重要，现在仍然很重要
所以我们期待的下文应该是当代考古学和古代文学之间的一直以来的关系。
提醒：still这个词是否在下文中被解释说明了?
For example, forty years ago a survey of the early Greek dramatist Aeschylus plays would have started with The Suppliant Women.
看到for example很开心，举例子的目的是在?
解释说明前面一句话
此句中那些部分是在解释说明上一句，即哪些有对应?
Forty years ago对应still
Greek dramatist Aeschylus plays=The Suppliant Women=ancient literature
Many factors internal to the play, but perhaps most especially the prominence of the chorus , led scholars to consider it one of Aeschylus earlier works. The consensus was that here was a drama truly reflecting an early stage in the evolution of tragedy out of choral lyric.
The Suppliant Women和考古学的关系是?
很多人认为它是A这个人的早起作品。
划线句子和上文的关系是?
支持，解释说明
Here was a drama,这里的drama指的是?
The Suppliant Women
哪些词是需要我们记下来的关于The Suppliant Women的特点?
Consensus，reflecting an early stage in the evolution of tragedy out of choral lyric
The play was dated as early as the 490s B.C., in any event , well before Aeschylus play The Persians of 472 B.C.
The play指代的是?
The Suppliant Women
这里的两个时间对比，体现了上文的什么?
led scholars to consider it one of Aeschylus earlier works，认为The Suppliant Women是早期作品
这里又出现了A 这个人的另一部作品The Persians，所以应当提醒自己下文是否出现了这两件作品的关系?
Then, in 1952, a fragment of papyrus found at Oxyrhynchus was published stating the official circumstances and results of a dramatic contest.
1952年可以作为我们的一个定位点。并且提示我们这里应该和什么产生关系了?
考古学。
划线部分是否和上文有关?暗示我们什么?
有关系。
Contest告诉我们观点要转折了，所以期待下面的观点出现不一致的观点
怎样体现了和文学之间的关系?继续往下看
The fragment announced that Aeschylus won first prize with his Danaid tetralogy, of which The Suppliant Women is the opening play, and defeated Sophocles in the process.
划线部分指代的是?
上文的1952年出土的碎片。
这里的Danaid tetralogy是全新的概念嘛?
不是，和The Suppliant Women 有关系，包含。
A这个人用Danaid tetralogy赢得了第一个奖。打败了Sophocles
思考，Sophocles应该是什么?
跟dramatic contest有关系，即也属于ancient literature。
这句话是对上一句的一个解释说明。
Sophocles did not compete in any dramatic contest before 468 B.C., when he won his first victory. Hence, except by special pleading , the Danaid tetralogy must be put after 468 B.C.
读到这，发现S是个人，那既然能和A比较，就有相似之处，应该都是写剧本的。
S 这个人第一次参赛是在468 B.C.,也是在此时获得第一次成功。
Danaid tetralogy打败了S这个人意味着什么?
在此之前都是S一直位居第一，然后被拖下来了。
所以作者在这里告诉我们，Danaid tetralogy肯定是在S赢得第一次胜利之后，也就是468 B.C.之后。
In addition, a few letters in the fragment suggest the name Archedemides, archon in 463 B.C., thus perhaps tying the plays to that precise date, almost exactly halfway between Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes of 467 B.C. and his Oresteia.
In addition提示我们这句话是顺承关系
这里需要我们记下来的东西是463 B.C
因为fragment里面提到了Archedemides这个名字所以也还原了这个剧作的准确时间。
The play指代的是?
The Suppliant Women
根据此句话，The Suppliant Women出现的时间应该是?
在Seven Against Thebes of 467 B.C. 和 his Oresteia之间。
总结一下第一段的内容：一直以来我们认为A这个人的作品The Suppliant Women是属于他的早期作品的;但是出土的碎片展示了一些证据，质疑了这个观点：其实创作The Suppliant Women的年代没有我们想的那么早
下面开始第二段
The implication of the papyrus administered a severe shock to the vast majority of classical scholars, who had confidently asserted that not only the role of the chorus but also language, metrics, and characterization all pointed to an early date.
这句话的主干是?
The implication administered a shock
The implication指代的是?
The fragment of papyrus，出土的碎片所指示的时间点。
这句话里的shock指代的是什么
classical scholars所认为的 pointed to an early date，出土的碎片和古典学者所认为的时间上的不统一。后者认为chorus，language，metrics，和characterization都提示我们The Suppliant Women的时间比出土的碎片所指的时间更早
所以这句话和第一段最后的观点的关系是?
顺承，并未出现转折。出土的碎片使得那些认为The Suppliant Women是在490s B.C.创作出来的人们大为震惊。
The discovery has resulted in no less than a total reevaluation of every chronological criterion that has been applied to or derived from Aeschylus plays.
The discovery指代的是?
出土的fragment of papyrus
chronological criterion是新概念嘛?
不是，就是之前一直说的关于The Suppliant Women年代的确定。
所以这句话仍然继续上问的话题，什么和什么之间的关系?
考古学对于古文学的作用。
碎片的发现使得我们要重新界定A的剧作的时间。
The activity has been brisk, and a new creed has now spread. The prominence of the chorus in The Suppliant Women now is seen not as a sign of primitivism but as analogous to the massive choral songs of the Oresteia.
根据出土出来的碎片我们发现了The Suppliant Women和Oresteia的关系是?
Analogous
既然本篇文章都是要通过考古，来去确定The Suppliant Women的确切时间，根据analogous这个词我们可以大胆推测，应该是和Oresteia时期差不多的。这个观点在第一段的结尾已经被提出了。
Statistics have been formulated, or reformulated, to show that stylistically The Suppliant Women does actually occupy a position after The Persians and Seven Against Thebes, which now become the primitive plays, and before the Oresteia.
数据告诉我们The Suppliant Women是否是A 的早期作品?哪些词暗示我们了?
不是。After The Persians and Seven Against Thebes, which now become the primitive plays.
是在The Persians and Seven Against Thebes这个作品之后，早于Oresteia这个作品的。
现在我们来看一下对于The Suppliant Women年代的确定：
The Suppliant Women是继 The Persians and Seven Against Thebes之后的作品，而The Persians and Seven Against Thebes是遭遇Oresteia的。
上一句中Oresteia和The Suppliant Women的关系是?
Analogous的，时代是差不多的。
所以我们可以发现The Persians and Seven Against Thebes是A的更早期的作品
While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.
While暗示我们这里将出现让步，让步之后必有?
转折
这句话的大概意思是?
尽管好像看起来都已经有确凿的证据了。但是不好说以后还会出现什么。
划线部分的another指代的是?
Another papyrus fragment
所以这句话告诉我们，尽管现在好像是已经确定了The Suppliant Women的创作日期，但说不定以后挖出了新的东西还会引起新一轮的困惑。
Another may be unearthed和文章的哪个主题有关?
Archaeology
再次证明了ancient literature和什么有关系?
Still考古学的作用将会是持续的。
This is unlikely to happen, but it warns us that perhaps the most salutary feature of the papyrus scrap is its message of the extreme difficulty of classifying and categorizing rigidly the development of a creative artist.
最后一句话又绕了回来，说不太可能发生。
But闪到眼了，注意要有转折。
Papyrus scrap这个词在全篇一直出现，等同与前文的?
Papyrus fragment
这里划线部分的warn是否有警告的意思?
没有负面的情感色彩，仅仅是题型的意思。
最后一句话告诉我们，仍然是考古学和古代文学有着密不可分的关系。
第五篇
A scientistic view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century.
句子主干是?
View was dominant
既然有view出现了观点，那是谁的观点，是否在下文被支持或折转了?
Philosophers and linguists的观点
Philosophers and linguists研究了什么?
Human thought and behavior
Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth to the status of being wholly condemned.
This view看到指代要明确指代的对象是什么?
Scientistic view
it was perhaps inevitable 中的it指代的是什么?
That引导的从句：the art of rhetoric should pass from
Rhetoric的作用变得重要了还是不重要了，under the force of this view?
Pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth to the status of being wholly condemned. 地位从不知道是否有价值变到了完全没有被谴责。
Questionable worth的原因是什么?
括号中的句子：即使rhetoric可以使人们愉悦以及做出正确的选择，但是它扭曲了事实，并且会误导行为。
所以在这里，this view认为the art of rhetoric怎么样?哪个词可以体现情感色彩?
不好。Wholly condemned
If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these scientistic thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person.
Only在这里的作用强调了哪些人?
Guided by logic = guided by these scientistic thinkers
这句话和前一句话的关系是?
不是完全的顺承是让步。因为前文说的是修辞的艺术是没啥作用的这里说：如果人们完全是理性逻辑的机器，那么修辞就是没有用的。可是人们是only as machines guided by logic嘛?不是，文章中用了if这个假设。
所以这句话的观点是?
The most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person.
修辞还是有用的，因为它是将给一个完整的人的。
It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people.
It在这里指代的是什么?
scientistic view，即认为rhetoric 没有用的观点。
这个观点是什么?
认为人们应当具有逻辑思维，具有基本的推理。逻辑论证是任何试图劝说人们的必不可少的部分。
读到这里我们应该问自己的是什么?
scientistic view应该是认为逻辑要比修辞强的，所以读到这要自觉拿起笔记录两个观点分别的特征，是否有观点支持或反驳。
这里的rational, reasoning, logical argument都是站在 scientistic view这边的特点。
Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstancesreal or fictionalthat are similar to our own circumstances.
看到了yet知道要转折了，转折的是哪一个方面?
转折开始讨论rhetoric是怎样的一种的方法。所以从这里要开始记录rhetoric的特点。
这里的this指代的是什么?
指代的上文的logical argument is plot
那么我们需要记下来的rhetoric的特点是什么?
没有logical argument，唤起我们的feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering;以及唤起我们的emotional reactions
至此，文章就是想去描述 scientistic view对于rhetoric的鄙视，通过对比 scientistic view和rhetoric两种方法的不同。
Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.
这句话和上一句的关系是?
顺承，解释说明上一句中的rhetoric的特点。利用人们的not logical反应来去说服人们。
哪些词是需要我们记录下来的特点?
Emotionally,。
所以rhetoric能够起作用是因为?
人们并非只是理性的，逻辑的。人们还有情感，所以rhetoric 是利用人们非理性的部分，起到persuade的作用。
划线部分的句子的意思是?
除非人们能够设身处地的去体会这样的希望和恐惧，不然一个演讲是起不到说服人们的作用的。
第二段开始
Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places.
继续上文的rhetoric的作用。
告诉我们rhetoric的作用就是将人们放置于一个时期或环境中，使得人们可以有设身处地的感受，从而起到说服人们的目的。
From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves.
本句中划线的部分是那种方法的特点?
Rhetoric的特点，认为人们不仅仅是脱离时间和空间的逻辑思维机器。
第二句中有哪些词是我们应当记下来归到rhetoric的特征里的?
Humanistic，not rational
It takes into account what the scientistic view leaves out . 划线的it指代的是?
Rhetoric view
因为和 scientistic view的不同，所以rhetoric view考虑到了 scientistic view没有考虑到的部分。
If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness.
这个句子的意思是?
保护情感如果是一种弱点的话，正是因为rhetoric导致的。
在这个句子中feeling和rhetoric的关系是?
是由于rhetoric导致了feeling被harbor
看到这句话好像是说rhetoric不是那么的好。
But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.
But告诉我们，此句和上句的关系应该是转折的。所以我应该要找哪些部分转折了?
本句的主干是什么?
Those must either be liars themselves or be very nave。
哪些人是骗子和很傻很天真呢?
Who reject and who at the same time
觉得rhetoric不好的人，同事又希望说服别人的人。
这里的hope to move people to action等同于什么?
Persuade them
情感色彩，对于rhetoric的观点转折了。
划线部分不是新概念，等同于什么?
Rhetoric
哪里体现出来了对rhetoric 的态度。
Pure logic has never been a motivating force仅有logic是不足够的，除非还有rhetoric
本篇文章提供了两种观点: scientistic view和rhetoric view,两种观点是对立的。并且 scientistic view认为rhetoric不咋滴。然后分别别墅了两种方法的特点。最后通过比较，论述，发现仅有 scientistic view是不够的。所以驳斥了rhetoric view不好的观点。
下一篇： 新GRE阅读文章怎样选材？