Passage 1 结论解释型
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities―as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they 接触不到 the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. 机会Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record2B their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals2A6B for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
机会的结果Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 19772D7E. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup8C anticipated in the next decade.
危险Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First增长过快, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially2E8E, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially 4A造成重大伤害的 fixed expenses. The 情况，局势 of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.
A second假合资 risk is that White-owned companies may seek to 利用，钻空子 on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are 合理的，合法的 reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up 结成一队, 合作, 协作) to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as 前台，傀儡，幌子 with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
Third依赖性, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming―and remaining―dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to 扩大客户库: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主题题
present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
describe a situation and its potential drawbacks=dangers, risks
propose a temporary solution to a problem
analyze a frequent source of disagreement
explore the implications of a finding
2. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?
信息题ABC无，D混
What federal agencies have set percentage2A 某些政府部门，没有具体部门goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report2B 没说去哪个部门 their efforts to find minority subcontractors?
How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as fronts2C没讲到底有多少人来投诉 by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 19722D只有钱数，没有企业数?
What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended2E第一个危险：过分扩张，增长过快?
3. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to 遭遇不利条件，为之苦恼 is that they have直接事实题
been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors
not had sufficient3C opportunity to secure business created by large corporations
not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers
not had adequate representation in the centers of government power
4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to强对比取非题
experience frustration but not serious financial harm4A
face potentially crippling fixed expenses
have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
increase its spending with minority subcontractors
revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5. The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should直接事实题
avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation
try to expand5C its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation
pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns
use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns
6. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by some federal and local agencies are直接事实题
more popular with large corporations
more specific6B
less controversial
less expensive to enforce
easier to comply with
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