Although a historical lack of access to formal Spanish-language education initially limited the opportunities of some Chicanos to hone their skills as writers of Spanish, their bilingual culture clearly fostered an exuberant and compelling oral tradition. It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers, whose English-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. This Spanish-English difference is not surprising. When writing in Spanish, these authors stayed close to the spoken traditions of their communities where publication, support, and instructive response would come quickly in local or regional newspapers. Works in English, however, often required the elimination of nuance or colloquialism, the adoption of a formal tone, and the adjustment of themes or ideas to satisfy the different demands of national publications.
17. The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?
Debating the historical value of a literary movement
Describing and accounting for a difference in literary styles
Explaining a publishing decision and evaluating its results
Analyzing the expectations of a particular group of readers
Classifying several kinds of literary production
18. According to the author, the Chicano oral experience contributed directly to which of the following characteristics in the work of some Chicano writers?
A sensitivity to and adeptness in using the spoken language
A tendency to appear in national rather than regional publications
A style reflecting the influence of Spanish language education
A reliance on a rather formal style
A capacity to appeal to a broad range of audiences
19. Which of the following best describes the function of the last two sentences of the passage ?
They expand on an advantage mentioned in the first sentence of the passage.
They outline the consequences of a limitation discussed in the first sentence of the passage .
They provide explicit examples drawn from the oral and the written works mentioned in the second sentence of the passage .
They explain the causes of a phenomenon mentioned in the third sentence of the passage.
They limit the applicability of a generalization made in the third sentence of the passage .
20. The passage suggests that which of the following was probably characteristic of the national publications mentioned in line 19?
They primarily presented scholarly material of little interest to a general audience.
They sometimes published articles treating controversial themes.
They encouraged authors to feature local issues in articles in order to increase circulation.
They included a significant number of articles by minority authors.
They took a stylistically formal approach to material of interest to a general audience.
The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.
Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutterlike. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and the regenerate claws retain their original structures.
These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.
To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.
21. The passage is primarily concerned with
drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humans
developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right side
explaining differences between lobsters crusher claws and cutter claws
discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters
summarizing the stages of development of the lobster
22. Each of the following statements about the development of a lobsters crusher claw is supported by information in the passage EXCEPT:
It can be stopped on one side and begun on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.
It occurs gradually over a number of stages.
It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.
It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.
It is less likely in the absence of a manipulatable environment.
23. Which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?
A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.
A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.
A left cutterlike claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.
Both cutterlike claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.
Both cutterlike claws are removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.
24. It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster chips was designed to
prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher claw
prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher claw
eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher claw
control on which side the crusher claw develops
simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment
25. It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are
likely to be less active
likely to be less symmetrical
more likely to lose a claw
more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter claw
more likely to regenerate a lost claw
26. Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?
The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development
The loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development
The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development
Development in an environment devoid of material that can be manipulated
Development in an environment that changes frequently throughout the stages of development
27. The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as
irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmels observations
likely in view of present evidence
contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiation
purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation
unlikely because of apparent inconsistencies with theories on handedness in humans
答案：17-27：BADEDABEADB
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