英语主要有三种构词法:转化、派生和合成。
1.转化:由一个词类转化为另一词类:
(1)动词转化为名词:
Let me have a try. 我来试一试。
We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。
Women have an equal say in everything.妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。
Dont judge a man by his looks.不要凭外表判断人。
(2)名词转化为动词:
Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议?
It can seat a thousand people.它能坐一千人。
Have you booked your ticket?你的票买好了吗?
Handin your exercise-books, please.请把练习本交上来。
2.派生:通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词:
(1)前缀一般不造成词类的转变,而只是引起意思上的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词:
前缀 意思 例词 un-
不
做相作
unhappy uncomfortable
undressundo
dis-
不
做相作
dislike disagree
disinfect disconnect
in-
不
informal inconvenient
im-
不
impolite impossible
non-
不
non-existent nonconductor
还有一些表示其他意思的前缀:
前缀 意思 例词 re-
重新
retell rewrite
co-
共同
co-exist co-operate
super-
超级,上层
supermarket superman
sub-
下面的
subway subdivide
inter-
之间的,相互
international interact
(2)构成名词的后缀常用的有:
后缀 例词 -er
thinker teacher
-or
actorsailor
-ee
employee trustee
-ess
actress waitress
-ness
illness happiness
-tion
preparationdictation
-ment
movement government
-ing
building painting
-ship
leadership friendship
-hood
childhood motherhood
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有:
后缀 例词 -ful useful cheerful -less careless homeless -ish childish selfish -ive active collective -able acceptableagreeable -ible sensible responsible -al critical exceptional -ous famous continuous -ic realistic historic -en golden wooden
3.合成:合成词在英语中非常活跃。
(1)合成形容词经常用,多数用作定语,如:
Open-airexercises will do you good. 户外运动对你有好处。
They helped us to map out a long-term plan. 他们帮助我们制定了一个长期规划。
合成形容词最常见的构成方法:
构成方式 例词 形容词+现在分词 good-looking 好看的easy-going 好说话的 名 词+现在分词 peace-loving 热爱和平的 epoch-making 划时代的 副 词+现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的far-reaching 深远的 形容词+过去分词 noble-minded 高尚的good-tempered 脾气好的 名 词+过去分词 state-owned 国有的heartfelt 由衷的 副 词+过去分词 well-known 著名的widespread广泛流传的 形容词+名 词 large-scale 大规模的 high-class 高级的 名 词+形容词 duty-free免税的self-conscious 自觉地
(2)合成名词数量也很大,可以用作主语、宾语等:
Sightseeingtook up the whole morning. 游览观光占去了整个上午。主语
No smoking during take-off .起飞时不要抽烟。介词的宾语
合成名词常见的构成方法:
构成方式 例词 名 词+名 词 silkworm蚕bloodtest 验血 形容词+名 词 double-dealer 两面派 shorthand 速记 动 词+名 词 pickpocket 扒手 break-water防波堤 动名词+名 词 waiting-room 候车室 sleeping-pills 安眠药 名 词+动名词 handwriting 书法 sun-bathing日光浴 动 词+副 词 get-together 联欢会 break-through 突破 副 词+动 词 down-fall垮台 outbreak 爆发
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