Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche, ____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low ____5____ of avalanche. Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snows angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is38degrees. The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____,, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather____12____ and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
词汇:
avalanche / ?v?l?nt?, -lɑ?n? / n.雪崩
snowpack / sn??p?k / n.积雪场
terrain / tere?n / n.地形,地势
steep / sti?p / adj.险峻的,陆峭的
trigger / tr?g? / v.引起,激发
incidence / ?ns?d?ns / n.发生
ski / ski? / v.滑雪
complexity / k?mpleks?t? / n.复杂性
注释:
1.angle of rest:这里指积雪保持静止的角度。
2.rule of thumb:指a broadly accurate principle, based on experience or practice rather than theory,即通用法则,经验法则
3.Additionally:是一个副词,用来引人新的事实或论点,意为此外。
4.backcountry:人烟稀少的地区
练习:
1. A among B of C to D in
2.A when B that C who D whose
3.A mostly B likely C clearly D surely
4.A are B will be C is D was
5.A weight B form C risk D work
6.A fall B flow C roll D gather
7.A fall B flow C roll D gather
8.A among B between C with D for
9.A thick B thin C flat D rocky
10.A use B time C snow D rain
11.A journey B trip C fact D process
12.A conditions B reports C forecast D event
13.A increase B reduce C improve D remove
14.A price B effort C attention D money
15.A missing B grown C big D fresh
答案与题解:
1.A 表雪崩是山上可能发生的最大危险之一的意思,因此应该选择among。
2.B 从该句的语法结构上来看,此处需要一个关系代词,代替slope,所以that是最佳选择。选项A、C、D均不符合语法。
3.B 选项A不合语法,C和D符合语法,但不符合常识:过度的雪的积压可能导致雪崩,而不是必定导致雪崩。所以,B是最佳答案。
4.C 该句的主语是Determining the critical load,从上下文来看应该使用一般现在时,所以C是正确答案。
5.C 要确定本题答案的一个有效的方法是排除法。a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合逻辑,只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解释了low risk of avalanche的道理,更证实了选risk是正确的。
6.D 第6题和第7题可以一起考虑。整个句子的意思是:在较陡峭的坡面上,雪不会大量堆积。在较为平坦的坡面,雪不会轻易滑动。
7.B 见注释6。
8.B 理解了句子的意思就不难判断选项:雪在静止状态下,角度在35 ~45之间,最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。between:在之间。
9.C 这个句子说明的是什么样的山坡最易发生雪崩,即A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此作平坦解,与后面的steep形成反义。
10.A 句中的that is表明,后半部分是对前半部分的进一步说明。所以,这里的选择要根据下文的意思判断。use是最佳选择,整个句子的意思是:山坡被滑雪者使用得越多,雪崩就越有可能发生。
11.D 尽管选项A、B和D都能和continuous搭配,从全段的内容判断,只有process是最佳选择,因为该段描写的是如何防备雪崩以及如何做好安全措施等一系列问题。
12.A 选项A、B、C都可以与weather搭配,但是根据上下文,只有A最为符合文章的内容。
13.B 选项A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思,因为不可能完全消除雪崩的隐患。
14.C 该句主句使用的是被动语态,第二个动词是pay attention to的被动形式。选项A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。
15.A 该句是作者给出的一系列忠告之一,即认真观察地形,注意明显的雪崩路径:没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。选项B、C、D均不符合句意。
译文:雪崩和安全问题
雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。
所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成,通常是积雪堆积过厚,很不稳固,超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡的临界承载量,可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务,需要衡量多个因素。
通常倾斜度小于25度,大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积,同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间,最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度,是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是:一个平缓的足以堆积积雪,同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡,无论角度如何,都有可能产生雪崩。此外,雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加,换言之,滑雪者活动得越频繁,雪崩的可能性越大。
由于雪崩研究的复杂性,冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩,保持安全是一个连续的过程,包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险:如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报,你应当予以考虑,加以注意。绝不要不加审度,就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形,注意明显的雪崩路径:没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。